Antarctic Cloud Physics: Fundamental Observations from Ross Island

南极云是地表辐射收支的重要参数，在南极气候和气候变化中起着重要作用。因此，云光学和微物理特性的变率和长期趋势对于参数化大陆周围经历的南极沿海层状云的混合相（水-雪-冰）是至关重要的。利用覆盖350 ~ 2200nm波长范围的光谱辐射计，地球表面（罗斯岛）的下井光谱辐照度将用于每小时间隔和南方夏季（10 - 3月）检索头顶云的光学深度、热力学相位、液态水滴有效半径和冰云有效粒径。基于现有的非常有限的南极海洋数据集，期望罗斯岛（南纬78度）应该呈现出以下云：a)丰富的过冷液态水，以及相关的混合相云过程；b)在原始环境中，全年生物源和海洋源形成的云核)主要层状云层的简单云几何形状增加了对USAP主要基地区域云性质的了解。麦克默多气象站也与航空相关的业务天气预报有关。与该项目有关的一系列教育和外联活动，包括将为高中教师举办讲习班。

Antarctic clouds constitute an important parameter of the surface radiation budget and thus play a significant role in Antarctic climate and climate change. The variability in, and long term trends of, cloud optical and microphysical properties are therefore fundamental in parameterizing the mixed phase (water-snow-ice) coastal Antarctic stratiform clouds experienced around the continent.Using a spectoradiometer that covers the wavelength range of 350 to 2200nm, the downwelled spectral irradiance at the earth surface (Ross Island) will be used to retrieve the optical depth, thermodynamic phase, liquid water droplet effective radius, and ice-cloud effective particle size of overhead clouds, at hourly intervals and for an austral summer season (Oct-March). Based on the very limited data sets that exist for the maritime Antarctic, expectations are that Ross Island (Lat 78 S) should exhibit clouds with:a) An abundance of supercooled liquid water, and related mixed-phase cloud processesb) Cloud nucleation from year round biogenic and oceanic sources, in an otherwise pristine environmentc) Simple cloud geometries of predominantly stratiform cloud decksIncreased understanding of the cloud properties in the region of the main USAP base, McMurdo station is also relevant to operational weather forecasting relevant to aviation. A range of educational and outreach activities are associate with the project, including provision of workshops for high school teachers will be carried out.