Atmosphere-Ocean Radiative Interactions in the Arctic: A Shipboard Measurement Program

9322700卢宾研究由这笔赠款资助，由北极系统科学全球变化研究计划赞助，由海洋科学部和极地方案办公室联合赞助。这项研究将围绕着对北冰洋从未被广泛研究的部分进行一次独特的、密集的、多学科的研究考察。1994年美国/加拿大北冰洋部分是与加拿大的一项合作努力，将有大约60名科学家在1994年夏天在一艘加拿大破冰船和一艘美国破冰船上工作。NSF资助的项目将集中在水文地理学、生物学、古生物和海冰研究上。从北冰洋几个地区收集的数据将是有史以来最早的数据之一，对于增进我们对北极如何成为全球气候条件变化的指标以及它如何影响较温和海洋和地区的物理、化学和生物特征的理解，将具有非常重要的意义。该计划的这一部分包括对北极地区云、霾和晴朗大气的表面通量和光学性质的短波和长波测量。CalSpace FTIR光谱辐射计将安装在美国破冰船上，以测量长波中的天顶发射光谱。这些数据将被用来汇编云发射率、光学厚度和液滴尺寸分布的有效半径的气候学。短波测量将使用四通道太阳辐射计系统进行。将包括一台天顶天空相机，以及一台标准的Eppley散射计和散射计，用于沿船舶航迹进行监测。来自NOAA极地轨道器和国防气象卫星计划的卫星数据将使用TereScan上的设施进行记录，这样就可以从大气层的“两侧”研究北极的辐射过程。这将允许改进云探测和辐射预算算法。这些综合测量直接关系到我们对云如何影响大气和北极之间的热量传递的理解，这反过来又影响我们理解和预测气候变异性的能力。***

9322700 Lubin Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will be centered around a unique and intensive, multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have never been extensively studied. The 1994 U.S./Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during summer 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, paleo-, and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be amongst the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to improving our understanding of how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This component of the program involves shortwave and longwave measurements of the surface flux and optical properties of clouds, haze, and the clear atmosphere in the Arctic. The CalSpace FTIR spectroradiometer will be installed on the U.S. icebreaker to measure zenith emission spectra in the longwave. These data will be used to compile a climatology of cloud emissivity, optical depth, and effective radius of droplet size distribution. Shortwave measurements will be taken using a four-channel solar radiometer system. A zenith sky camera will be included, along with a standard Eppley Pyranometer and Pyrgeometer for monitoring purposes along the ship track. Satellite data from the NOAA Polar Orbiters and the Defense Meteorology Satellite Program will be recorded using the on board TereScan facilities such that Arctic radiative processes can be studies from "both sides" of the atmosphere. This will allow for refining cloud detection and radiation budget algorithms. These integrated measurements have direct bearing on our understanding of how clouds affect the transfer of heat between the atmosphere and the Arctic, which in turn impact on our ability to understand and predict climate variability. ***