权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

CAREER: Information Misperceptions in the Internet Era

职业：互联网时代的信息误解

基本信息

批准号：
1149599
负责人：
R. Garrett
金额：
$ 53.68万
依托单位：
Ohio State University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Continuing Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2012-03-01 至 2018-02-28
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1149599&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
CAREER Information Misperceptions Internet Era

项目摘要

Scholars have observed that online news and political talk have the potential to promote belief in false or misleading factual claims, frequently attributing this to distinctive characteristics of the Internet such as the absence of gatekeepers, the freedom to screen out disagreeable evidence, and personalization systems that shield news consumers from uncomfortable truths. However, these mechanisms are largely speculative, and do not align well with existing data. This project moves toward a theoretically grounded and empirically tested understanding of political misperceptions in the Internet era. Hypotheses focus both on broad effects associated with use of online news media, and on the mechanisms through which these effects occur. Specifically, a series of media-effects hypotheses address the prevalence and consequences (1) of partisan bias in media exposure decisions, (2) of the use of social media as a source of political news, and (3) of automated (and often invisible) personalization technologies that shape what online news consumers see. A second more nuanced set of predictions concerns how these technologies could lead individuals to be more likely to accept as true inaccurate political information. These hypotheses link the attributes of the technologies in question with established theoretical work on processing fluency, affect, and biased assimilation. To test the hypotheses, the study will pair multi-wave surveys of representative samples of Americans with a series of controlled experiments designed to evaluate the specific mechanisms theorized. A three-wave survey will be conducted in year one, and a two-wave survey in year five, corresponding with U.S. Presidential elections. Measuring respondents' use of various online political news sources and services in early waves, and assessing respondents' store of political knowledge and misperceptions in later waves will provide clear evidence concerning the consequences of using these Internet technologies. The first survey will also include an embedded experiment in order to test the influence of processing fluency in the field. A series of interrelated experiments will be conducted in the intervening years. Year two will focus on testing the influence of metacognitive experiences, such as processing fluency, on the acceptance of false information and factual corrections. In year three the emphasis will be on affect, testing the influence of emotional responses to political claims on individuals' assessments. Year four experiments will focus on biased assimilation as it informs credibility effects, and on the relative importance of institutional trust and individual judgment on participants' beliefs. The datasets will be shared with students and other scholars, further enhancing the impact of the research endeavor. A new undergraduate course, intended to help students become more informed consumers of political information, will be based on the theoretical and empirical work coming out of this research. Public outreach, communicating key lessons concerning the sources and remedies of political misperceptions to journalists and the broader public, as well as publications in scientific venues, will raise awareness of effective strategies for assessing political information.

学者们观察到，在线新闻和政治言论有可能助长人们对虚假或误导性事实主张的信念，经常将其归因于互联网的独特特征，例如没有看门人、可以自由筛选令人不快的证据，以及保护新闻消费者免受令人不安的事实影响的个性化系统。然而，这些机制在很大程度上是推测性的，并且与现有数据不太相符。该项目致力于对互联网时代的政治误解进行有理论依据和实证检验的理解。假设既关注与使用在线新闻媒体相关的广泛影响，也关注这些影响发生的机制。具体来说，一系列媒体效应假设涉及以下方面的普遍性和后果：(1)媒体曝光决策中的党派偏见，(2)使用社交媒体作为政治新闻来源，以及(3)塑造在线新闻消费者所见的自动化（通常是无形的）个性化技术。第二组更细致的预测涉及这些技术如何使个人更有可能接受真正不准确的政治信息。这些假设将所讨论的技术的属性与处理流畅性、情感和偏见同化的既定理论工作联系起来。为了检验这些假设，该研究将对美国人的代表性样本进行多波调查，并进行一系列旨在评估理论上的具体机制的对照实验。第一年将进行三波调查，第五年将进行两波调查，与美国总统选举相对应。衡量早期浪潮中受访者对各种在线政治新闻来源和服务的使用情况，并评估后期浪潮中受访者的政治知识储备和误解，将为有关使用这些互联网技术的后果提供明确的证据。第一项调查还将包括嵌入式实验，以测试现场处理流畅度的影响。一系列相互关联的实验将在接下来的几年中进行。第二年将重点测试元认知体验（例如处理流畅性）对接受错误信息和事实更正的影响。第三年的重点将放在情感上，测试对政治主张的情绪反应对个人评估的影响。第四年的实验将重点关注有偏见的同化，因为它会影响可信度，以及机构信任和个人判断对参与者信念的相对重要性。这些数据集将与学生和其他学者共享，进一步增强研究工作的影响。一门新的本科课程旨在帮助学生成为更加知情的政治信息消费者，该课程将基于这项研究的理论和实证工作。公共宣传、向记者和广大公众传达有关政治误解的来源和补救措施的重要经验教训以及在科学场所的出版物，将提高对评估政治信息的有效策略的认识。