Violence in Urban Communities

城市社区的暴力哈维尔·奥耶罗：各种形式的犯罪和人际暴力正在蹂躏当代拉丁美洲城市穷人的生活。通过在阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯大都市的一个贫穷工人阶级社区、一个棚户区和一个棚户区的多地点人种学田野调查和调查研究相结合，这个项目试图a)实时和空间地检查那些经常接触这些暴力的人经历各种形式的暴力(与毒品有关的、犯罪的、家庭的和性的)的方式，b)通过仔细研究导致“连锁反应”的复杂的因果路径来解释阿根廷贫困社区最近日常暴力的增加，以及c)剖析贫困居民为应对不同类型的暴力而设计的(个人和集体的)策略。因此，该项目加入了社会科学家最近的呼吁，即研究各种形式的暴力如何形成一个连续体，并试图提请人们注意定义城市穷人居住的社区日常生活的“和平时期罪行”或“小暴力”。在拉美次大陆的几乎每个国家，塑造日常生活的持续和普遍的不安全和暴力与经过多年独裁和/或内战后定义的民主前景的和平与平等之间存在着明显的矛盾。这一项目将为当前拉丁美洲学术所确定的一种趋势提供更多的人种学细节：城市暴力正在围困该地区许多新的民主国家，以不成比例的方式影响到最弱势的人口。该项目不仅试图描述目前在城市降级地区肆虐日常生活的各种形式的暴力对生命的威胁，而且还剖析了暴力增加背后的原因机制，并审查了贫困居民为应对这些暴力而采取的(个人和集体)战略。换句话说，这个项目试图解决暴力的方式、原因和内容：日常暴力是如何在穷人的经历中表现出来的？为什么在过去的二十年里，每天的暴力事件都在增长？居民们，无论是个人还是集体，都会对此做些什么呢？这个项目将汇集过去20年来在城市暴力研究中形成的、往往分散的见解。它将寻求发展成为一种单一的连贯分析，了解新自由主义转型、城市贫困和各种类型的暴力是如何相互叠加的。在分析城市贫困和暴力之间的关系时，这项研究将寻求在几个研究领域之间建立智力桥梁，这些领域从不同的角度研究警察、犯罪、性和家庭暴力。这项工作将寻求通过提供对城市暴力的更全面的理解来丰富这些领域的话语，扩展这些领域的边界以包括借鉴其他领域的相关动态，并推进这些领域的智力整合。

Violence in Urban CommunitiesJavier AuyeroABSTRACTDiverse forms of criminal and interpersonal violence are ravaging the lives of the urban poor in contemporary Latin America. Through a combination of multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork and survey research in a poor working class neighborhood, a squatter settlement, and a shantytown in metropolitan Buenos Aires (Argentina), this project seeks to a) examine in real time and space the ways in which diverse forms of violence (drug-related, criminal, domestic, and sexual) are experienced by those routinely exposed to them, b) explain the recent increase of daily violence in poor communities in Argentina by scrutinizing the complex causal pathways that lead to "chain of violence," and c) dissect the (individual and collective) strategies that poor residents devise to cope with different kinds of violence. As such, the project joins the recent call made by social scientists to examine the ways in which diverse forms of violence form a continuum and seeks to draw attention to the "peace time crimes" or the "little violences" that define the everyday life in the communities where the urban poor dwell.In almost every single country of the Latin American sub-continent, there is a palpable contradiction between the persistent and pervasive insecurity and violence that shapes daily life and the peace and equality that, after years of dictatorship and/or civil war, defined democratic promise. This project will lend further ethnographic detail to a trend identified by current scholarship on Latin America: urban violence is besieging many of the new democracies in the region affecting the most disadvantaged populations in disproportionate ways. The project seeks not only to describe the life-threatening effects of different forms of violence currently ravaging daily life in territories of urban relegation, but also to dissect the causal mechanisms behind their increase, and to examine the (individual and collective) strategies poor residents deploy to deal with them. In other words, this project seeks to address the hows, whys, and whats of violence:How is daily violence manifested in poor people's experiences? Why has daily violence grownover the last two decades? And what do residents, both individually and collectively, do about it?This project will bring together the often dispersed insights that have developed over the past two decades in the study of urban violence. It will seek to develop into a single coherent analysis that understands the ways in which neoliberal transformations, urban poverty, and diverse types of violence are mutually imbricated. In analyzing the relationship between urban poverty and violence, this research will seek to create intellectual bridges among several areas of study that approached police, criminal, sexual, and domestic violence from different perspectives. This work will seek to enrich the discourse in these areas by offering a more comprehensive understanding of urban violence, extend the boundaries of these fields to include relevant dynamics borrowed from the others, and advance the intellectual integration of these fields.