Doctoral Dissertation Research: Informal and Local Economies During Mega Events

博士论文研究：大型活动期间的非正式经济和地方经济

• 批准号: 1434160
• 负责人: Javier Auyero
• 金额: $ 1.03万
• 依托单位: University of Texas at Austin
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-08-01 至 2015-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1434160&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Informal; Local

SES-1434160Javier AuyeroJacinto Cuvi EscobarUniversity of Texas at AustinThe range of cities and countries bidding for mega events (e.g., the Olympics and the World Cup) has expanded over the last two decades to incorporate emerging economies like South Africa, Russia and Brazil. Among the reasons put forth by proponents of these tournaments are the possibility to fast-track development, generate employment, and incorporate excluded sectors of society. While the benefits of hosting such events are still debated, there is not a good understanding of their effects on the local, informal economies from which a majority of the population draws its income. Previous work on the social impacts of sporting mega-events tends to treat disadvantaged groups as homogenous, despite evidence of both success stories and increased hardship. These studies therefore do not account for divergent outcomes and trajectories within affected populations. Premising the study on field theory, this research will map the divisions among street vendors and analyze the dynamics leading to their success or demise during a mega sporting event. This project expands on existing research about the social impact of mega events while challenging the notion that members of marginalized groups are all victims of exclusion. The co-PI hypothesizes that street vending is divided into three subgroups: (1) leaders and members of street vendors unions, (2) non-unionized street vendors, and (3) unlicensed street vendors. Each of these groups controls specific assets. Among licensed street vendors, the research proposes that leaders and union members will benefit from government programs because of political connections. Among unlicensed street vendors -- where mobility is the main asset -- it is the youngest and highly mobile street vendors who will manage to avoid security checks and gain access to fans. Other peddlers should experience few gains and may suffer losses due to increased repression. The study will test the foregoing assumptions through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. First, the researcher will examine the design and implementation of the program to incorporate street vendors using key informant interviews. Concurrently, the co-PI will observe street selling around tourist hotspots and record the demographics of the licensed and unlicensed street vendors operating there. Finally, the researcher will administer a questionnaire survey and analyze existing survey data to assess the overall impact of the event on the income and working conditions of street vendors across town. This project will analyze the effects of a specific mega event, the 2014 soccer World Cup, on the livelihoods of street vendors in Brazil's largest city, São Paulo. In the run-up to the event, the government was faced with a wave of social protests along with mounting criticism that organizing the tournament was too costly and that its benefits did not reach the social groups most in need. Street vendors, in particular, were explicitly targeted in the General Law of the World Cup, which cracks down on informal commercial activity around the official events where tourists are concentrated. In response to such pressures, the city government of São Paulo designed a program to integrate a group of street vendors by granting them the right to sell official products. Who wins and who loses from government initiatives to integrate marginalized populations? Are mega events an opportunity for informal entrepreneurs to improve their lot? How can the benefits be spread more evenly among disadvantaged groups in the future? Broader ImpactsThis study will provide critical input to the planning of such events so as to ensure social inclusion and the sharing of economic benefits. To this end, the findings will be disseminated in forums and outlets within and beyond the academic world. The co-PI will draw on a wide network of local policymakers and civil society actors --including NGOs (non-governmental organizations) advocating for the rights of informal workers -- to share research results and conclusions. Research findings have the potential to inform policymaking for disadvantaged groups during mega events in the future.

SES-1434160哈维尔·奥耶罗·哈辛托·库维·埃斯科巴德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校申办大型活动的城市和国家的范围（例如，奥运会和世界杯）在过去二十年中已经扩大到包括南非、俄罗斯和巴西等新兴经济体。这些锦标赛的支持者提出的理由之一是有可能实现快速发展，创造就业机会，并将社会中被排斥的部门纳入其中。虽然主办这类活动的好处仍在辩论之中，但人们对这些活动对当地非正规经济的影响并没有很好的了解，而大多数人的收入都来自这些经济。 以往关于大型体育赛事的社会影响的工作往往将弱势群体视为同质群体，尽管有证据表明这类活动既取得了成功，也增加了困难。 因此，这些研究没有考虑到受影响人群中的不同结果和轨迹。本研究以场域理论为基础，探讨大型体育赛事中街头摊贩的分工，并分析其成败的动力机制。 该项目扩展了有关大型活动社会影响的现有研究，同时挑战了边缘群体成员都是排斥受害者的观念。 co-PI假设街头小贩分为三个亚组：（1）街头小贩工会的领导人和成员，（2）非工会街头小贩，（3）无证街头小贩。每个集团都控制着特定的资产。在有执照的街头小贩中，研究表明，领导人和工会成员将因政治关系而受益于政府计划。在无证街头小贩中--流动性是主要资产--最年轻和高度移动的街头小贩将设法避开安全检查并获得粉丝。其他小贩应该没有什么收益，并可能因镇压加剧而遭受损失。这项研究将通过定性和定量相结合的方法检验上述假设。首先，研究者将检查的设计和实施方案，纳入街头小贩使用关键线人访谈。与此同时，首席调查员会观察旅游热点附近的街头销售情况，并记录在那里经营的持牌和无牌街头小贩的人口统计数据。最后，研究人员将进行问卷调查，并分析现有的调查数据，以评估该事件对整个城市街头小贩的收入和工作条件的整体影响。该项目将分析2014年世界杯足球赛这一重大事件对巴西最大城市圣保罗街头小贩生计的影响。在赛事筹备阶段，政府面临着一波社会抗议浪潮，同时沿着越来越多的批评，认为组织比赛成本太高，其好处没有到达最需要的社会群体。《世界杯通则》特别明确针对街头小贩，该法打击了游客集中的官方赛事周围的非正式商业活动。为了应对这些压力，圣保罗市政府设计了一个计划，通过授予他们销售官方产品的权利来整合一群街头小贩。政府融合边缘化人口的举措谁赢谁输？大型活动是非正规企业家改善命运的机会吗？将来如何能更平均地将利益分配给弱势群体？ 更广泛的影响这项研究将为这些活动的规划提供重要的投入，以确保社会包容和分享经济利益。为此，研究结果将在学术界内外的论坛和媒体上传播。共同新闻中心将利用当地决策者和民间社会行为者-包括倡导非正规工人权利的非政府组织-的广泛网络，分享研究成果和结论。研究结果有可能在今后的大型活动期间为弱势群体的决策提供信息。