Doctoral Dissertation Improvement: Cooperation and Conflict in Two Socially Monogamous Primates: Red Titi Monkeys and Equatorial Saki Monkeys

社会一夫一妻制长期以来一直引起人类学家的兴趣，主要是因为它在哺乳动物中是一种罕见的社会制度，但在灵长类动物中似乎更为普遍，在人类中尤其普遍。尽管伴侣关系被认为是人类交配和养育策略的重要组成部分，但我们对男女关系的动态了解相对较少。对包括人类社会在内的广泛分类群的社会一夫一妻制的回顾已经证明了男女关系的显著差异，这促成了关于配对纽带功能意义的长期争论。这个项目是由加州大学戴维斯分校的博士生艾米·波特（Amy Porter）在林恩·伊斯贝尔（Lynne Isbell）博士的指导下完成的，研究了两种社会一夫一妻制灵长类动物——红蒂猴（Callicebus discolor）和赤道崎猴（Pithecia aequatorialis）——的配对关系和领土行为的比较方面，其中雄性和雌性在亲代照顾程度和对领土行为的贡献方面存在差异。本研究将验证以下假设：1)配偶关系和雄性-雌性配偶保护策略的差异与直接父权照顾的差异以及绿婚和/或遗弃的潜在成本有关；2)声音交流是它们保护配偶策略的一个组成部分。这些假设是通过系统收集的行为数据和声音回放实验来验证的。对伴侣之间社会互动的精细分析将对进化生物学中更广泛的理论问题做出重大贡献，特别是那些与交配和养育策略有关的理论问题。这些数据对于理解我们自己的物种尤其重要，在种群内部和种群之间，男女关系和性别角色模式都有很大的差异。这项研究还将为鸟类学领域做出贡献，提供两种社会一夫一妻制哺乳动物如何使用声音交流来保护配偶和领土的比较数据，这是鸟类的两种常见行为。

Social monogamy has long been of interest to anthropologists, primarily because it is a rare social system in mammals, but appears to be more prevalent among primates, and is especially common in humans. Although pair-bonds are considered an important component of human mating and parenting strategies, we understand relatively little about the dynamics of male-female relationships. Reviews of social monogamy across a wide range of taxa, including human societies, have demonstrated significant variation in male-female relationships, which has contributed to a longstanding debate regarding the functional significance of pair-bonds.This project by doctoral student Amy Porter (University of California, Davis), supervised by Dr. Lynne Isbell, investigates comparative aspects of pair-bonding and territorial behavior in two socially monogamous primates, red titi monkeys (Callicebus discolor) and equatorial saki monkeys (Pithecia aequatorialis), in which males and females differ in their degrees of parental care and contributions to territorial behavior. This research will test the hypotheses that 1) differences in direct paternal care and the potential costs of cuckoldry and/or abandonment are related to differences in pair-mate relationships and male-female mate guarding strategies; and 2) vocal communication in titis and sakis is a component of their mate guarding strategies. The hypotheses are tested using systematically collected behavioral data and vocal playback experiments.The fine-scale analysis of social interactions between pair-mates will contribute substantially to broader theoretical issues in evolutionary biology, especially those that relate to mating and parenting strategies. These data are particularly relevant to understanding our own species, where there is substantial variation in male-female relationships and the patterning of gender roles, both within and between populations. This research also will contribute to the field of ornithology by providing comparative data on how two socially monogamous mammals use vocal communication in mate-guarding and territoriality, two common behaviors in birds.