Biodiversity and ecosystem services of small forest fragments in European landscapes (smallFOREST)

欧洲景观中小森林碎片的生物多样性和生态系统服务（smallFOREST）

• 批准号: 206623922
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Martin Diekmann
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2010-12-31 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/206623922?language=en
• 关键词: Biodiversity; ecosystem; services; small; forest

In many parts of Europe, the original forest cover has strongly been reduced and in these regions forests presently occur as small fragments, often embedded in an intensively used agricultural matrix. Despite their small size, these forest patches often act as refugia for biodiversity and may provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ES) to populations and human society. Biodiversity and ES of small forest fragments are mutually dependent as they are determined by a similar set of drivers. However, the nature and strength of the relationships between biodiversity and ES will vary, depending on the taxanomic group and ES under consideration, and on the landscape context including the type and intensity of the surrounding land-use and the land-use history. Moreover, the value attributed to an ES will differ between different regions. All these sources of variation remain largely unknown and their effects on human perception, hence on decisions about management, planning and policy, is poorly understood. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to quantify ES and biodiversity in small forest fragments among agricultural landscapes and across different regions in Europe, to analyse how their mutual relationships vary between landscapes and to assess the extent to which ES are valued differently. The project will complement the recently started FP7-project FunDivEurope (Functional significance of forest biodiversity in Europe) and will build on a unique field experiment covering ~650 forest patches in 16 5 km x 5 km landscape sampling windows in southern France, northern France, Belgium, northwestern Germany, northeastern Germany, southern Sweden, central Sweden and Estonia (2 windows per region). This sample design covers the entire European temperate forest biome through a SW-NE transect. The studied patches are mostly deciduous forest stands and for each patch standardized data are available in an already operational database on the occurring vascular plant species, on its history, the surrounding land cover, and its spatial characteristics. During the project, additional data will be collected to quantify the structural, functional and taxonomic biodiversity and to determine a well-chosen set of ES (including provisioning, regulating and cultural services such as e.g. stemwood production, above- and below-ground carbon sequestration, tick abundance and their role of disease vector, plant-pest-beneficial insect interactions) delivered by the patches. In doing so, we use a series of proxy-measurements that allow covering all the ~650 patches. The valuation of the ES considered will be performed through a combination of local data collection and benefit transfer approaches, using highly innovative tools such as cognitive mapping. Finally, we envisage two levels of stakeholder involvement: (1) regional stakeholder boards will be involved from the beginning to guide the final ES selection, to reflect on the valuation of the ES and to guarantee the translation of the results to end users such as forest owners, forest managers and regional policy makers; (2) a supranational stakeholder board will be involved to assure bidirectional feedback with European policy and international conventions related to biodiversity and sustainable forest management.

在欧洲许多地区，原始的森林覆盖已大大减少，在这些地区，森林目前是小块的，往往嵌在集约利用的农业基质中。尽管面积小，但这些森林斑块往往是生物多样性的避难所，并可能为人口和人类社会提供广泛的生态系统服务。小森林碎片的生物多样性和生态系统是相互依赖的，因为它们是由一组相似的驱动因素决定的。然而，生物多样性与生态系统之间关系的性质和强度会有所不同，这取决于所考虑的分类类群和生态系统，以及景观文脉，包括周围土地利用的类型和强度以及土地利用历史。此外，ES的价值在不同的地区会有所不同。所有这些变异的来源在很大程度上仍然未知，它们对人类感知的影响，从而对有关管理、规划和政策的决策的影响，也知之甚少。因此，该项目的主要目标是量化农业景观和欧洲不同地区小森林碎片中的生态系统和生物多样性，分析它们在景观之间的相互关系如何变化，并评估生态系统的不同价值程度。该项目将补充最近启动的fp7项目“欧洲森林生物多样性的功能意义”（fundieurope，欧洲森林生物多样性的功能意义），并将建立一个独特的实地试验，覆盖法国南部、法国北部、比利时、德国西北部、德国东北部、瑞典南部、瑞典中部和爱沙尼亚16个5公里× 5公里景观采样窗口的约650个森林斑块（每个区域2个窗口）。该样本设计通过西南-东北样带覆盖了整个欧洲温带森林生物群系。所研究的斑块大多是落叶林，每个斑块的标准化数据都可以在一个已经运行的数据库中获得，包括发生的维管植物物种、其历史、周围土地覆盖及其空间特征。在项目期间，将收集更多数据，以量化结构、功能和分类生物多样性，并确定一套精心选择的生态系统（包括供应、调节和文化服务，如茎材生产、地上和地下碳固存、蜱虫丰度及其病媒作用、植物-害虫-有益昆虫相互作用）。在此过程中，我们使用了一系列代理测量，可以覆盖所有约650个补丁。所考虑的环境评估将通过结合当地数据收集和利益转移方法，使用高度创新的工具，如认知地图，来进行。最后，我们设想了两个层面的利益相关者参与：(1)区域利益相关者委员会将从一开始就参与指导最终的生态系统选择，反思生态系统的评估，并保证将结果传递给最终用户，如森林所有者、森林管理者和区域政策制定者；(2)超国家利益相关者委员会将参与其中，以确保与欧洲政策和国际公约有关的生物多样性和可持续森林管理的双向反馈。