Ocean Acidification - Effects of ocean acidification on Emiliania huxleyi and Calanus finmarchicus; insights into the oceanic alkalinity and biological carbon pumps

海洋酸化 - 海洋酸化对赫胥黎艾米利亚 (Emiliania huxleyi) 和 Calanus finmarchicus 的影响；

• 批准号: 1220068
• 负责人: William Balch
• 金额: $ 100万
• 依托单位: Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-08-15 至 2017-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1220068&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Ocean; Acidification; Effects; ocean; acidification

Ocean acidification is one of the most pressing marine science issues of our time, with potential biological impacts spanning all marine phyla and potential societal impacts affecting man's relationship to the sea. Rising levels of atmospheric pCO2 are increasing the acidity of the world oceans. It is generally held that average surface ocean pH has already declined by 0.1 pH units relative to the pre-industrial level (Orr et al., 2005), and is projected to decrease 0.3 to 0.46 units by the end of this century, depending on CO2 emission scenarios (Caldeira and Wickett, 2005). The overall goal of this research is to parameterize how changes in pCO2 levels could alter the biological and alkalinity pumps of the world ocean. Specifically, the direct and indirect effects of ocean acidification will be examined within a simple, controlled predator/prey system containing a single prey phytoplankton species (the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi) and a single predator (the oceanic metazoan grazer, Calanus finmarchicus). The experiments are designed to elucidate both direct effects (i.e. effects of ocean acidification on the individual organisms only) and interactive effects (i.e. effects on the combined predator/prey system). Interactive experiments with phytoplankton prey and zooplankton predator are a critical starting point for predicting the overall impact of ocean acidification in marine ecosystems. To meet these goals, a state-of-the-art facility will be constructed with growth chambers that are calibrated and have highly-controlled pH and alkalinity levels. The strength of this approach lies in meticulous calibration and redundant measurements that will be made to ensure that conditions within the chambers are well described and tightly monitored for DIC levels. Growth and calcification rates in coccolithophores and the developmental rates, morphological and behavioral effects on copepods will be measured. The PIC and POC in the algae and the excreted fecal pellets will be monitored for changes in the PIC/POC ratio, a key parameter for modeling feedback mechanisms for rising pCO2 levels. In addition, 14C experiments are planned to measure calcification rates in coccolithophores and dissolution rates as a result of grazing. These key experiments will verify closure in the mass balance of PIC, allowing the determination of actualdissolution rates of PIC within the guts of copepod grazers.The team of scientists in this work contributes expertise in coccolithophore ecology, biogeography and physiology (Balch) and copepod ecology and physiology (Fields). They will be joined by a post-doctoral fellow and a highly capable technical staff to provide the necessary support to cultivate and monitor cultures during experiments. Six supervised undergraduate students will have projects associated with this work. Expertise in carbonate chemistry will be provided by Dr. N. Bates (consultant, see letter of support).Broader Impact. Along with the numerous scientific and societal broader impacts of ocean acidification, there are also significant educational impacts associated with this work. This project has numerous self-contained sub-projects that will provide exceptional opportunities for motivated undergraduate students to receive hands-on research experience, learning sophisticated culturing techniques, the fundamentals of optics and micro-videography. Six supervised undergraduate students will have projects associated with this work. Students will be required to meet weekly and to give a Bigelow seminar on their respective projects. Participation at national meetings will be encouraged and supported. Balch and Fields have had great success with undergraduate students in the past with several receiving authorship on publications that incorporated their work. They will also invite several high school students into the lab to assist with basic aspects of the project. Fields is involved in the COSEE program (designed to bring ocean science to rural areas) and the "Keller Bloom" project, which provides a week-long science immersion course to gifted high school students from rural Maine. Results of the project will also contribute to the development of other BLOS educational and outreach programs, most notably weekly summer seminar series open to the public, the summer REU program and a new Colby College semester program at Bigelow Laboratory. Funds from this proposal will be used to build a state-of- the-art facility for creating, maintaining and monitoring pCO2 concentrations.

海洋酸化是我们这个时代最紧迫的海洋科学问题之一，其潜在的生物影响涵盖所有海洋生物门，其潜在的社会影响影响到人类与海洋的关系。大气pCO 2水平的上升正在增加世界海洋的酸度。一般认为，平均海洋表面pH值相对于工业化前的水平已经下降了0.1个pH单位（Orr等人，2005年），预计到本世纪末将减少0.3至0.46个单位，这取决于二氧化碳排放情景（Caldeira和Wickett，2005年）。这项研究的总体目标是参数化pCO 2水平的变化如何改变世界海洋的生物和碱度泵。具体而言，海洋酸化的直接和间接影响将在一个简单的，受控的捕食者/猎物系统，包含一个单一的猎物浮游植物物种（颗石藻，Emiliania huxleyi）和一个单一的捕食者（海洋后生动物食草动物，哲水蚤finmarchicus）。这些实验旨在阐明直接影响（即海洋酸化仅对个别生物的影响）和相互作用影响（即对捕食者/被捕食者联合系统的影响）。与浮游植物猎物和浮游动物捕食者的互动实验是预测海洋酸化对海洋生态系统的总体影响的一个关键起点。为了实现这些目标，将建造一个最先进的设施，其中包括经过校准的生长室，并具有高度控制的pH值和碱度水平。这种方法的优势在于将进行细致的校准和冗余测量，以确保腔室内的条件得到很好的描述，并严格监控DIC水平。将测量颗石藻的生长和钙化率以及对桡足类的发育率、形态和行为的影响。将监测藻类和排泄粪粒中的PIC和POC，以了解PIC/POC比值的变化，这是模拟pCO 2水平上升反馈机制的关键参数。此外，14 C实验计划测量钙化率在颗石藻和溶解率作为放牧的结果。这些关键实验将验证PIC质量平衡的封闭性，从而确定PIC在桡足类食草动物肠道内的实际溶解速率。参与这项工作的科学家团队贡献了颗石藻生态学、地理学和生理学（Balch）以及桡足类生态学和生理学（Fields）的专业知识。他们将与一名博士后研究员和一名非常有能力的技术人员一起为实验期间的培养和监测培养物提供必要的支持。六名受监督的本科生将有与这项工作相关的项目。碳酸盐化学专业知识将由N.贝茨（顾问，见支持信）。沿着海洋酸化的众多科学和社会广泛影响外，这项工作还产生了重大的教育影响。该项目有许多独立的子项目，将为有动力的本科生提供特殊的机会，以获得实践研究经验，学习复杂的培养技术，光学和微视频的基础。六名受监督的本科生将有与这项工作相关的项目。学生将被要求每周举行一次会议，并就各自的项目举行毕格罗研讨会。将鼓励和支持参加国家会议。鲍尔奇和菲尔兹在过去的本科生中取得了巨大的成功，有几个人获得了出版物的作者资格，这些出版物包含了他们的工作。他们还将邀请几名高中生进入实验室，以协助该项目的基本方面。菲尔兹参与了COSEE计划（旨在将海洋科学带到农村地区）和“凯勒布卢姆”项目，该项目为来自缅因州农村的天才高中生提供为期一周的科学沉浸课程。该项目的结果也将有助于其他BLOS教育和推广计划的发展，最值得注意的是每周向公众开放的夏季研讨会系列，夏季REU计划和毕格罗实验室新的科尔比学院学期计划。该提案的资金将用于建立一个最先进的设施，以创建，维持和监测pCO 2浓度。