Doctoral Dissertation Research: Punishing the 'Others': Understanding Citizenship through Punishment in the United States and Germany

这个项目探讨了美国和德国法院对非公民的惩罚。虽然一些学者认为，在全球化的世界中，公民身份在法律上已不再具有相关性，但对公民身份在法律下的重要性的实证检验却很少，而且尚未进行跨国检验。通过比较德国和美国的量刑结果？两个先进的民主国家，有着强大的法治传统，但对公民身份和国家身份的观念却截然不同？这个项目经验性地评估作为一个“局外人”的后果。在受到法律惩罚的时候在此过程中，本项目解决了四个相关问题：1)非公民在美国和德国法院受到更严厉的惩罚吗？2)这两个国家对非公民的待遇不同吗？3)与每个国家的其他法外罪犯属性相比，公民身份的影响如何？4)每个国家惩罚非公民的做法是如何随时间变化的？如何解释这些趋势？PIs借鉴了先前的工作，突出了国家成员资格的排他性方面，并将这些想法与强调作为“局外人”的危害的法律和惩罚理论联系起来。在社会控制机构中发展假说。我们使用1995年至2009年美国联邦法院和德国地方法院的数据对假设进行了检验，并对两国两个主要城市的法官进行了定性访谈。今天有超过2亿的国际移民，了解缺乏国家成员资格的后果对政策制定者、司法从业者和对国际法、国际移民、分层和社会控制感兴趣的学者具有重要意义。虽然许多国家已作出努力确保按种族和族裔划分的平等正义，但对公民身份和法律地位的注意却少得多。

This project explores the punishment of noncitizens in U.S. and German courts. While some scholars argue that citizenship is no longer legally relevant in the globalized world, empirical tests of the salience of citizenship under the law are scant and cross-national tests have yet to be undertaken. By comparing sentencing outcomes in Germany and the United States ? two advanced democracies with strong rule of law traditions but markedly different conceptions of citizenship and nationhood ? this project empirically evaluates the consequences of being an ?outsider? of the state when punished under the law. In doing so, this project addresses four related questions: 1) Are noncitizens punished more severely in U.S. and German courts? 2) Does the treatment of noncitizens differ between these two countries? 3) How do the effects of citizenship compare to other extra-legal offender attributes in each country? 4) How have practices of punishing noncitizens changed over time in each country, and what might explain these trends? The PIs draw on previous work highlighting exclusionary aspects of national membership and link these ideas with theories of law and punishment that emphasize the detriments of being an ?outsider? in social control institutions to develop hypotheses. Hypotheses are tested with data from U.S. federal courts and German district courts from 1995 to 2009, supplemented by qualitative interviews with judges in two major cities within each country. With over 200 million international migrants today, understanding the consequences of lacking state membership has implications for policy makers, judicial practitioners, and scholars interested in international law, international migration, stratification, and social control. While many countries have made efforts to ensure equal justice along lines of race and ethnicity, there has been considerably less attention devoted to citizenship and legal status.