Documentation and Comparative Lexicon and Morphosyntax of Nivacle and Pilaga, of northern Argentina

该项目记录了南美洲大查科的两种濒危和很少研究的语言：Pilagá（Guaycuruan）和Nivacle（Mataco-Mataguayan）。它对Nivacle进行了语法和词汇分析，并对Pilagá和Nivacle的语法结构和词汇进行了比较分析，同时也着眼于对其他查科语言的了解。关于这些语言的联合工作的动机是，传统的Nivacle领土从Pilcomayo河中游延伸到Bermejo河，部分重叠了阿根廷北方的Pilagá和Wichí（Mataco-Mataguayan）领土。在这一地区有证据表明，潜在的非遗传扩散的功能。皮拉加语约有5，000人使用;尼瓦克列夫斯基语在阿根廷只有不到1，000人使用。巴拉圭有更多的人说尼瓦克莱语，但向西班牙语的转变很快，特别是在年轻一代中，特别是在嫁给克里奥罗男子的妇女中。实地研究主要是在阿根廷，访问巴拉圭的Nivaclekalos社区，以更好地了解语言历史和方言变异。在阿根廷和俄勒冈州的大学进行实地分析。该项目下的文件包括口头表演的录音和录像，以创建一个有代表性的流派样本。一些文献资料是以前收集的皮拉伽提斯，但有些是次优的存档，没有得到充分的分析或准备存档，和现存的材料是不完整的体裁;目前的项目解决这些问题。Nivacle的成果将包括一个20小时的视频和音频记录的存档语料库，每种语言翻译和分析的数据库和文本材料，以及三种或四种语言的词汇数据库（Pilagação，Nivacleção，西班牙语，英语）。在道德考虑允许的情况下，它将使发言者和语言界能够公开获取材料。重点分析调查Nivacle的语法结构和比较Pilagação-Nivacleção的语法和词汇问题。研究结果增加了对结构特征和词汇扩散的理解，而不是对查科地区原始语言特征的继承。该项目调查了查科语言之间的内部分歧和影响。它扩大了对世界范围内的占有表达模式、视内/视外物体的分类方法、限定词的时态/体发展、语法关系和静态/主动系统以及其他语言特征的了解。记录的文化和语言材料对语言社区的教育和语言振兴目标很有意义和有用，并将在社区讲习班中进行解释和推广。它们对其他语言学家、教育家、人类学家和历史学家也很有用。该项目为至少三名学生（两名研究生）和母语者提供培训。事实上，该项目是研究人员和语言社区的共同努力。它进一步加强了俄勒冈州大学和福尔摩沙国立大学语言研究所之间的研究伙伴关系，有可能为两国学生创造新的研究机会。

This project documents two endangered and little-studied languages of Gran Chaco, South America: Pilagá (Guaycuruan) and Nivacle (Mataco-Mataguayan). It undertakes grammatical and lexical analyses of Nivacle, and comparative analyses of Pilagá and Nivacle grammatical structures and lexicon, also with an eye to what is known about other Chaco languages. Joint work on these languages is motivated by the fact that the traditional Nivacle territory extended from the mid-Pilcomayo River to the Bermejo River, partially overlapping Pilagá and Wichí (Mataco-Mataguayan) territories in northern Argentina. In this region there is evidence of potentially non-genetic diffusion of features. Pilagá is spoken by about 5,000 people; Nivacleì is spoken by fewer than 1,000 people in Argentina. There are more Nivacleì speakers in Paraguay, but language shift to Spanish is rapid, especially among the younger generations and especially among women married to criollo men. Field research is mostly in Argentina, with visits to Nivacleì communities in Paraguay to develop a better understanding of linguistic history and dialect variation. Analyses are undertaken in the field, and at universities in Argentina and Oregon.Documentation under this project includes recording and videotaping of verbal performances to create a representative sample of genres. Some documentary materials were previously collected for Pilagaì, but some were suboptimal for archiving, have not been fully analyzed or prepared for archiving, and extant materials are incomplete as far as genres; the current project addresses these issues. There has been little prior modern linguistic work on, or documentation of Nivacle.Outcomes will include an archived corpus of 20 hours of video and audio recordings, databases with from five to ten hours per language of translated and analyzed elicited and text materials, and tri- or quadri-lingual lexical databases (Pilagaì, Nivacleì, Spanish, English). It will enable open access to materials for speakers and the linguistic community, ethical considerations permitting. Focused analyses investigate the grammatical constructions of Nivacle and compare Pilagaì-Nivacleì grammatical and lexical issues. The results increase understanding of diffusion of structural features and lexica, as opposed to inheritance of features from proto-languages in the Chaco region. The project investígates internal divisions and influences among Chaco languages. It amplifies knowledge of world-wide patterns in expressing possession, ways of classifying in-view/out-of-view objects, the development of tense/aspect from determiners, grammatical relations and stative/active systems, and other linguistic features.The documentary cultural and linguistic materials are of interest and use to the language communities for their education and language revitalization goals, and will be explained and promoted in community workshops. They are useful to other linguists, educators, anthropologists, and historians. The project provides training for at least three students (two graduate), and for native speakers. Indeed, the project is a joint effort between researchers and the language communities. It further strengthens research partnerships and between the University of Oregon and the Instituto de Investigaciones Lingüísticas of the National University of Formosa, with the potential to create new research opportunities for students of both countries.