Documentation and Comparative Lexicon and Morphosyntax of Nivacle and Pilaga, of northern Argentina

该项目记录了南美洲大查科的两种濒危和很少被研究的语言：皮拉加(瓜伊库鲁语)和尼瓦克语(马塔科-马塔瓜扬语)。它对尼瓦克语进行语法和词汇分析，对皮拉加和尼瓦克勒的语法结构和词汇进行比较分析，并着眼于了解其他查科语言的情况。关于这些语言的联合工作的动机是，传统的尼瓦克勒领土从皮尔科马约河中段延伸到贝尔梅霍河，部分重叠了阿根廷北部的皮拉加和威西(马塔科-马塔瓜扬)领土。在这个区域，有证据表明特征的潜在非遗传扩散。大约有5000人说皮拉加语；而在阿根廷，说尼瓦克语的人不到1000人。巴拉圭说尼瓦克勒的人更多，但语言向西班牙语的转变很快，特别是在年轻一代中，特别是在与Criollo男性结婚的女性中。实地研究主要在阿根廷进行，访问巴拉圭的Nival？社区，以更好地了解语言历史和方言变异。分析是在实地以及阿根廷和俄勒冈州的大学进行的。该项目的文件记录包括对口头表演进行录音和录像，以创建具有代表性的流派样本。以前为比拉加收集了一些文件材料，但有些文件材料不适合存档，没有得到充分的分析或准备存档，现存的材料就体裁而言是不完整的；目前的项目解决了这些问题。以前几乎没有关于尼瓦克勒的现代语言工作或文献。结果将包括一个20小时的视频和音频记录的存档语料库，每种语言的翻译和分析数据库和文本材料的5到10个小时的数据库，以及三种或四种语言的词汇数据库(比拉加？，尼瓦勒？，西班牙语，英语)。在伦理考虑允许的情况下，它将使演讲者和语言界能够开放获取材料。重点分析考察了NIVAKLE的语法结构，并比较了Pilaga？-NIVAKLE？的语法和词汇问题。结果增加了对结构特征和词汇的扩散的理解，而不是对查科地区原始语言特征的继承。该项目投资于查科语言之间的内部分歧和影响。它扩大了世界范围内表达占有权的模式、视线内/视外物体的分类方法、由限定词发展的时态/体、语法关系和静态/主动系统以及其他语言特征的知识。文献文化和语言材料对语言社区的教育和语言振兴目标有兴趣和使用，并将在社区讲习班上进行解释和推广。它们对其他语言学家、教育家、人类学家和历史学家也很有用。该项目为至少三名学生(两名毕业生)和以英语为母语的人提供培训。事实上，该项目是研究人员和语言社区共同努力的结果。它进一步加强了俄勒冈大学和台湾国立大学凌斯蒂亚斯研究所之间的研究伙伴关系，有可能为两国的学生创造新的研究机会。

This project documents two endangered and little-studied languages of Gran Chaco, South America: Pilagá (Guaycuruan) and Nivacle (Mataco-Mataguayan). It undertakes grammatical and lexical analyses of Nivacle, and comparative analyses of Pilagá and Nivacle grammatical structures and lexicon, also with an eye to what is known about other Chaco languages. Joint work on these languages is motivated by the fact that the traditional Nivacle territory extended from the mid-Pilcomayo River to the Bermejo River, partially overlapping Pilagá and Wichí (Mataco-Mataguayan) territories in northern Argentina. In this region there is evidence of potentially non-genetic diffusion of features. Pilagá is spoken by about 5,000 people; Nivacleì is spoken by fewer than 1,000 people in Argentina. There are more Nivacleì speakers in Paraguay, but language shift to Spanish is rapid, especially among the younger generations and especially among women married to criollo men. Field research is mostly in Argentina, with visits to Nivacleì communities in Paraguay to develop a better understanding of linguistic history and dialect variation. Analyses are undertaken in the field, and at universities in Argentina and Oregon.Documentation under this project includes recording and videotaping of verbal performances to create a representative sample of genres. Some documentary materials were previously collected for Pilagaì, but some were suboptimal for archiving, have not been fully analyzed or prepared for archiving, and extant materials are incomplete as far as genres; the current project addresses these issues. There has been little prior modern linguistic work on, or documentation of Nivacle.Outcomes will include an archived corpus of 20 hours of video and audio recordings, databases with from five to ten hours per language of translated and analyzed elicited and text materials, and tri- or quadri-lingual lexical databases (Pilagaì, Nivacleì, Spanish, English). It will enable open access to materials for speakers and the linguistic community, ethical considerations permitting. Focused analyses investigate the grammatical constructions of Nivacle and compare Pilagaì-Nivacleì grammatical and lexical issues. The results increase understanding of diffusion of structural features and lexica, as opposed to inheritance of features from proto-languages in the Chaco region. The project investígates internal divisions and influences among Chaco languages. It amplifies knowledge of world-wide patterns in expressing possession, ways of classifying in-view/out-of-view objects, the development of tense/aspect from determiners, grammatical relations and stative/active systems, and other linguistic features.The documentary cultural and linguistic materials are of interest and use to the language communities for their education and language revitalization goals, and will be explained and promoted in community workshops. They are useful to other linguists, educators, anthropologists, and historians. The project provides training for at least three students (two graduate), and for native speakers. Indeed, the project is a joint effort between researchers and the language communities. It further strengthens research partnerships and between the University of Oregon and the Instituto de Investigaciones Lingüísticas of the National University of Formosa, with the potential to create new research opportunities for students of both countries.