Documentation and Comparative Lexicon and Morphosyntax of Nivacle and Pilaga, of northern Argentina

该项目记录了南美洲大查科两种濒危且鲜有研究的语言：pilag<e:1>（瓜瓜语）和Nivacle（马塔科-马塔瓜扬语）。它对查科语进行语法和词汇分析，并对皮拉格<e:1>语和尼瓦克语的语法结构和词汇进行比较分析，同时也关注其他查科语的已知情况。共同研究这些语言的动机是，传统的尼瓦克领土从皮尔科马约河中部延伸到贝尔梅霍河，部分重叠了阿根廷北部的皮拉格<e:1>和Wichí（马塔科-马塔瓜扬）领土。在这个地区，有证据表明可能存在非遗传的特征扩散。皮拉ag<e:1>语大约有5000人使用；Nivacleì在阿根廷只有不到1000人使用。巴拉圭有更多的Nivacleì使用者，但语言向西班牙语的转变速度很快，尤其是在年轻一代和嫁给克里奥罗人的女性中。实地研究主要在阿根廷进行，访问了巴拉圭的Nivacleì社区，以便更好地了解语言历史和方言变化。分析是在实地进行的，在阿根廷和俄勒冈州的大学进行的。这个项目下的文件包括录音和录像口头表演，以创建一个具有代表性的流派样本。有些文献资料以前是为Pilagaì收集的，但有些文献资料不适合存档，没有进行充分的分析或存档准备，现存的资料就体裁而言是不完整的；当前的项目解决了这些问题。之前很少有关于尼瓦克的现代语言学工作或文献。成果将包括20小时录像和录音的存档语料库，每种语言5至10小时翻译和分析的摘录和文本材料的数据库，以及三语或四语词汇数据库（Pilagaì、Nivacleì、西班牙语、英语）。在道德考虑允许的情况下，它将使讲者和语言社区能够开放获取材料。重点分析了Nivacle的语法结构，并比较了Pilagaì-Nivacleì语法和词汇问题。结果增加了对结构特征和词汇的扩散的理解，而不是对查科地区原始语言特征的继承。该项目investígates查科语言的内部划分和影响。它扩大了对世界范围内表达占有的模式的认识，对视线内/视线外物体的分类方式，从限定词到时态/时态的发展，语法关系和静态/主动系统，以及其他语言特征。这些文献文化和语言材料对语言社区的教育和语言振兴目标是有兴趣和使用的，并将在社区讲习班上加以解释和推广。它们对其他语言学家、教育家、人类学家和历史学家都很有用。该项目为至少三名学生（两名研究生）和母语人士提供培训。事实上，这个项目是研究人员和语言社区共同努力的结果。它进一步加强了俄勒冈大学与福尔摩沙国立大学研究研究所Lingüísticas之间的研究伙伴关系，有可能为两国学生创造新的研究机会。

This project documents two endangered and little-studied languages of Gran Chaco, South America: Pilagá (Guaycuruan) and Nivacle (Mataco-Mataguayan). It undertakes grammatical and lexical analyses of Nivacle, and comparative analyses of Pilagá and Nivacle grammatical structures and lexicon, also with an eye to what is known about other Chaco languages. Joint work on these languages is motivated by the fact that the traditional Nivacle territory extended from the mid-Pilcomayo River to the Bermejo River, partially overlapping Pilagá and Wichí (Mataco-Mataguayan) territories in northern Argentina. In this region there is evidence of potentially non-genetic diffusion of features. Pilagá is spoken by about 5,000 people; Nivacleì is spoken by fewer than 1,000 people in Argentina. There are more Nivacleì speakers in Paraguay, but language shift to Spanish is rapid, especially among the younger generations and especially among women married to criollo men. Field research is mostly in Argentina, with visits to Nivacleì communities in Paraguay to develop a better understanding of linguistic history and dialect variation. Analyses are undertaken in the field, and at universities in Argentina and Oregon.Documentation under this project includes recording and videotaping of verbal performances to create a representative sample of genres. Some documentary materials were previously collected for Pilagaì, but some were suboptimal for archiving, have not been fully analyzed or prepared for archiving, and extant materials are incomplete as far as genres; the current project addresses these issues. There has been little prior modern linguistic work on, or documentation of Nivacle.Outcomes will include an archived corpus of 20 hours of video and audio recordings, databases with from five to ten hours per language of translated and analyzed elicited and text materials, and tri- or quadri-lingual lexical databases (Pilagaì, Nivacleì, Spanish, English). It will enable open access to materials for speakers and the linguistic community, ethical considerations permitting. Focused analyses investigate the grammatical constructions of Nivacle and compare Pilagaì-Nivacleì grammatical and lexical issues. The results increase understanding of diffusion of structural features and lexica, as opposed to inheritance of features from proto-languages in the Chaco region. The project investígates internal divisions and influences among Chaco languages. It amplifies knowledge of world-wide patterns in expressing possession, ways of classifying in-view/out-of-view objects, the development of tense/aspect from determiners, grammatical relations and stative/active systems, and other linguistic features.The documentary cultural and linguistic materials are of interest and use to the language communities for their education and language revitalization goals, and will be explained and promoted in community workshops. They are useful to other linguists, educators, anthropologists, and historians. The project provides training for at least three students (two graduate), and for native speakers. Indeed, the project is a joint effort between researchers and the language communities. It further strengthens research partnerships and between the University of Oregon and the Instituto de Investigaciones Lingüísticas of the National University of Formosa, with the potential to create new research opportunities for students of both countries.