RUI: Ocean Acidification: Scope for Resilience to Ocean Acidification in Macroalgae

底栖大型藻类对近岸生态系统的生产力有很大贡献，但人们对海洋酸化对非钙化大型藻类的潜在影响知之甚少。k<s:1>伯勒和杜金恩将测试关于两种大型藻类的假设，即Ulva spp.和Plocamium软骨藻，由于不同的原因，这两种藻类被假设在海洋化学的预测变化下更多产，并经历生态扩张。他们设计了以实验室培养为基础的实验，以量化Plocamium和Ulva spp种群对海洋酸化的反应范围，Plocamium完全依赖于二氧化碳的扩散吸收，Ulva spp种群具有诱导浓缩机制（CCM）。研究人员将在8种不同的二氧化碳分压水平（从380到940 ppm）的平衡培养基中培养这些藻类，以解决三个关键假设。首先，不能以改变的形式获取无机碳的大型藻类（如软骨藻）将从海洋酸化中受益，就光合作用和生长速度而言。几乎没有现有的数据支持这种普遍的假设。第二种假设是，在OA条件下Ulva sp.的生长增强是由于下调CCM而节省的能量，而不是光合作用本身的增强。他们的方法将检测现有的遗传变异的适应性可塑性。短期培养实验中需要解决的第三个关键假设是，海洋酸化与富营养化指示物种Ulva spp.的氮限制生长之间存在显著的相互作用。k<s:1> bler和Dudgeon将能够量化海洋酸化和氮营养物添加对Ulva的个别影响，以及协同效应，这将不可避免地适用于许多高产的浅海沿岸地区。在我们日益了解海洋酸化影响的过程中，这三个假设被广泛认为是迫切需要解决的问题。更广泛的影响该项目在两个主要领域产生了更广泛的影响：向应用科学和非科学家传播生物学知识，以及在代表性不足的少数民族学生中激发科学事业。研究人员致力于促进生物信息向非科学家的转移，这些非科学家可以将这些信息用于人类技术的实际应用。首席PI通过她与Biomimicry 3.8的合作，积极参与将生物学知识传授给工程、设计和建筑专业人士。这是一个非营利组织，致力于通过正式和非正式的教育，扩大对大自然天才的有意识模仿。研究结果将通过面向非生物学设计专业人士的AskNature.org数据库和数据库管理系统CSUN scholarworks向非科学家开放。这个项目的结果将与不断变化的化学和可进化的设计的弹性有关。这项研究还将以研究人员与私营部门伙伴的现有合作为基础。JEK将继续与BID（生物启发设计）社区合作，研究系统的生物弹性和健壮性，目标是将在这里获得的知识应用于人类技术系统，SRD将继续与基因鉴定服务公司的K. Jones合作。CSUN是一所经过认证的少数族裔服务和西班牙裔服务机构，主要是本科生，在培养学生进入科学职业方面有着出色的记录。kbler和Dudgeon将指导CSUN的2名研究生和2-3名本科生。在大型藻类生理学和生态学方面，以解决全球和生态系统层面的问题为目标。私立学院的理科硕士入学率达到100%。继续攻读博士学位的学生。所有的PI？美国的研究生被要求做一些社区服务或教育拓展工作，通常是去K-12学校。

Intellectual MeritBenthic macroalgae contribute to intensely productive near shore ecosystems and little is known about the potential effects of ocean acidification on non-calcifying macroalgae. Kübler and Dudgeon will test hypotheses about two macroalgae, Ulva spp. and Plocamium cartilagineum, which, for different reasons, are hypothesized to be more productive and undergo ecological expansions under predicted changes in ocean chemistry. They have designed laboratory culture-based experiments to quantify the scope for response to ocean acidification in Plocamium, which relies solely on diffusive uptake of CO2, and populations of Ulva spp., which have an inducible concentrating mechanism (CCM). The investigators will culture these algae in media equilibrated at 8 different pCO2 levels ranging from 380 to 940 ppm to address three key hypotheses. The first is that macroalgae (such as Plocamium cartilagineum) that are not able to acquire inorganic carbon in changed form will benefit, in terms of photosynthetic and growth rates, from ocean acidification. There is little existing data to support this common assumption. The second hypothesis is that enhanced growth of Ulva sp. under OA will result from the energetic savings from down regulating the CCM, rather than from enhanced photosynthesis per se. Their approach will detect existing genetic variation for adaptive plasticity. The third key hypothesis to be addressed in short-term culture experiments is that there will be a significant interaction between ocean acidification and nitrogen limited growth of Ulva spp., which are indicator species of eutrophication. Kübler and Dudgeon will be able to quantify the individual effects of ocean acidification and nitrogenous nutrient addition on Ulva spp. and also, the synergistic effects, which will inevitably apply in many highly productive, shallow coastal areas. The three hypotheses being addressed have been broadly identified as urgent needs in our growing understanding of the impacts of ocean acidification.Broader ImpactsThis project has broader impacts in 2 major areas: the dissemination of biological knowledge to applied science and nonscientists, and inspiring careers in science among underrepresented minority students. The investigators are committed to facilitating the transfer of biological information to nonscientists who can put that information to practical use in human technologies. The lead PI is actively involved with transfer of biological knowledge to professionals in engineering, design and architecture, through her work with the Biomimicry 3.8. That is a nonprofit organization dedicated to expanding the conscious emulation of nature's genius through formal and informal education. The research results will be made accessible to nonscientists through the AskNature.org database for nonbiologist design professionals and through CSUN ScholarWorks-a database management system. The results of this project will be relevant to resilience to changing chemistry and evolvable designs. The research will also build on the investigators existing collaborations with private sector partners. JEK with will continue collaborations with The BID (Biologically Inspired Design) Community on biological resilience and robustness in systems with the goal of applying aspects of the knowledge gained here to systems of human technology, and SRD will continue collaboration with K. Jones of Gene Identification Services. CSUN is a certified minority serving and Hispanic serving, primarily undergraduate, institution with an outstanding record of moving students into careers in science. Kübler and Dudgeon will mentor 2 graduate students and 2-3 undergraduate students, from CSUN?s diverse student population, in macroalgal physiology and ecology with the goal of addressing global and ecosystem level issues. The PIs have a record of 100% of recruited MSc. students continuing to Ph.D. programs. All of the PI?s graduate students are expected to do some community service or educational outreach, usually to K-12 schools.