Doctoral Dissertation Research in Law and Social Sciences: Accountability in Multiple Fora After Extreme Mass Behavior

世纪后半叶，国际体系发生了转变，从大规模极端行为被认为是不受惩罚的行为，转变为通常被视为应受刑事处罚的行为。当事件公开时，事件发生的国家现在被要求起诉责任人或允许国际法庭这样做的呼声所困扰。尽管人们越来越多地一致认为需要伸张正义，但对极端群体行为追究责任的记录却很不平衡。法院有时正是为了追究战争期间的责任而设立的，但法院可能不审理邻国有关事件的案件。 虽然许多人认为，在过去几十年中，一种要求在极端群体行为后追究责任的全球规范已经发展并站稳脚跟，但这种说法并没有解释看似相似、几乎错误发生的案件的不同问责结果。由于问责机制是一个日益高调的全球景观的特点，解释何时以及如何问责提供大规模极端行为的后果将是一个重大贡献的国际和过渡司法的研究。 该项目依赖于一种战略性问责理论，该理论综合了各种可能的结果以及国内和国际行为者之间讨价还价的作用。该项目评估了大规模暴行后的国家问责行为以及国际观众的反应。该项目采用混合方法，对原始数据集进行定量分析，以确定数据中的广泛模式，并对通过实地工作构建的案例研究进行过程跟踪，以解释因果关系，该项目将把收集到的信息反馈给相关决策者，从而协助改善司法机制。 该项目还将有助于培训一名学生和传播有关问责制的信息。

The second half of the 20th century saw a shift from an international system in which acts of mass extreme behavior were considered unpunishable to one in which they are generally viewed as criminally culpable conduct. When events become public, the states where they occur are now beset by calls to either prosecute those responsible or allow an international court to do so. Despite the growing consensus on the need for justice, the record of accountability for extreme mass acts has been very uneven. Courts are sometimes set up precisely for the purpose of accountability during wartime, yet the courts may not hear cases concerning related events from neighboring countries. While many have argued that a global norm requiring accountability after extreme mass behavior has developed and taken hold over the past few decades, that claim does not account for the different accountability outcomes pairs of seemingly similar, nearly simultaneously-occurring, cases. Because accountability mechanisms are an increasingly high profile feature of the global landscape, explaining when and how accountability is provided in the aftermath of mass extreme behavior will be a significant contribution to the study of international and transitional justice. This project relies upon a strategic theory of accountability that integrates the range of possible outcomes and the role of bargaining between domestic and international actors. The project evaluates state accountability behavior in the aftermath of mass atrocity, and international audiences' reactions. The project employs a mixed methods approach, using quantitative analysis of an original dataset to identify broad patterns in the data, and process-tracing of case studies constructed through fieldwork to explain causation.The project will return the information gathered to relevant policymakers, therefore assisting in improving justice mechanisms. The project will also contribute to the training of a student and the dissemination of information about accountability.