RAPID: The 2012-2013 eruptions of Copahue volcano, Argentina

快速：2012-2013 年阿根廷科帕韦火山喷发

• 批准号: 1331167
• 负责人: Johan Varekamp
• 金额: $ 2.83万
• 依托单位: Wesleyan University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-03-15 至 2014-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1331167&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; 2012; 2013; eruptions; Copahue

Volcanic eruptions impact global climate, geothermal energy is derived from volcanic heat, and many ore bodies are formed through volcanic processes. Active volcanism provides a direct means to study how our planet functions. Copahue volcano in Argentina (37.8 oS, 71 oW) started a new eruption on December 22, 2012 and is still active at low level today. This volcano emits compositionally extreme hydrothermal fluids that derive directly from a very acid and hot magmato-hydrothermal system at 1-2 km depth. Such fluids are thought to be responsible for epithermal ore deposits, eg. gold, silver and lead and may overly systems that form porphyry ore bodies. The composition of these fluids changes with the state of activity of the volcano: shallow intrusions lead to hotter and more concentrated fluids that are expelled into the ambient and acidify local rivers and lakes. Monitoring the composition of such streams during a period of volcanic activity aids in developing tools for eruption forecasting. Data collected on fluids during the 2000 eruption of Copahue suggested several parameters that indicate the intrusion of shallow magma prior to an eruption. The 2012-2013 eruptive period provides an ideal venue to test and refine these ideas. A large glacial lake that is stratified during the austral summer contains compositional information of the pre-eruptive fluids in the bottom waters, whereas the surface waters represent recent inputs. It is imperative to sample the lake prior to its seasonal overturn in late April, when the water column homogenizes and all detailed information is lost. A workshop with scientists from Argentina, Italy and the USA is convened for March 2013 to discuss the eruption, its hazards and monitoring efforts, and US scientists with an extensive research record on Copahue should participate and contribute to this event. The research activities will contribute to the science of eruption monitoring and forecasting, which is beneficial for many people living on volcanoes worldwide. It also promotes collaboration between local Argentinian and US scientists. The local authorities plan to establish a small volcano observatory near Copahue, but data are needed to make the best possible choices of monitoring parameters. Besides the bilateral collaboration, two female US students (one undergraduate, one graduate) will collect samples on site and analyze those at Wesleyan University for their senior and MA theses. Training of US students in research on active volcanoes is important to keep the USA in a scientific leadership position with respect to assessments of both natural hazards and formation of natural resources.

火山喷发影响全球气候，地热能来自火山热，许多矿体是通过火山作用形成的。活火山活动为研究地球的功能提供了直接的手段。阿根廷的科帕韦火山（37.8南纬，71西经）于2012年12月22日开始新的喷发，今天仍然处于低水平。该火山喷出的热液成分极端，直接来自1-2公里深处的酸性和热岩浆热液系统。 这种流体被认为是造成低温热液矿床的原因，例如。金、银和铅，并可能覆盖形成斑岩矿体的系统。这些流体的成分随着火山活动的状态而变化：浅侵入导致更热和更浓缩的流体被排出到周围环境中，并酸化当地的河流和湖泊。在火山活动期间监测这些水流的组成有助于开发火山爆发预测工具。2000年科帕休火山爆发期间收集的流体数据表明，有几个参数表明火山爆发前有浅层岩浆侵入。 2012-2013年的爆发期为检验和完善这些想法提供了一个理想的场所。一个大的冰川湖，是分层的，在南方夏季包含的成分信息的喷发前的流体在底部沃茨，而表面沃茨代表最近的输入。必须在4月下旬季节性翻转之前对湖泊进行采样，届时水柱会均匀化，所有详细信息都会丢失。将于2013年3月召开一次由来自阿根廷、意大利和美国的科学家参加的研讨会，讨论火山爆发、其危害和监测工作，对科帕胡有着广泛研究记录的美国科学家应参加这一活动并作出贡献。这些研究活动将有助于火山喷发监测和预测科学，这对全世界生活在火山上的许多人都有好处。它还促进了阿根廷当地科学家和美国科学家之间的合作。地方当局计划在Copahue附近建立一个小型火山观测站，但需要数据来尽可能最好地选择监测参数。除了双边合作，两名美国女学生（一名本科生，一名研究生）将在现场收集样本，并在卫斯理大学分析他们的高级和硕士论文。对美国学生进行活火山研究方面的培训对于保持美国在自然灾害和自然资源形成评估方面的科学领导地位非常重要。