The meaning of German 'wie' in equative comparison

这项提案的主题是德语“Wie”在等值比较中的含义，包括标量和非标量情况。而在标量情况下，比较度数(例如‘Anna is so groúWie Berta.’/‘Anna is as all as Berta.’)，在非标量情况下，比较的是名义实体或口头实体(例如：“安娜的帽子和贝尔塔的一样。”/“安娜的杯子和贝尔塔的一样。”/“安娜的帽子和贝尔塔的一样。”/“安娜跳舞像贝尔塔。”)到目前为止，等价词的语义研究几乎完全是从比较级的角度进行的(‘安娜比伯塔高。’)从而将非标量等式排除在分析之外。此外，几乎所有的研究都是从英语的角度来进行的，这并不意味着对标量格和非标量格进行统一的分析，因为它们的语法形式不同。在德语中，标量等式和非标量等式都是通过“Wie”从句构成的，需要进行统一的分析。在这个项目中，将开发一个关于等式的一般性描述(I)包括标量和非标量情况，(Ii)提倡等式表示相似性的思想，即对于给定的一组特征来说，不可区分，以及(Iii)这是由分词‘Wie’的含义产生的。假设结果在表现出与德语相同的等值模式的其他语言中是有效的，例如在波兰语和意大利语(但不是英语)中。

The topic of this proposal is the meaning of German 'wie' in equative comparison including scalar as well as non-scalar cases. While in scalar cases degrees are compared (e.g. 'Anna ist so groß wie Berta.' / 'Anna is as tall as Berta.'), in non-scalar cases nominal or verbal entities are compared (e.g. 'Anna hat so eine Tasse wie Berta.' / 'Anna has a mug like Berta's' and 'Anna hat so getanzt wie Berta.' / 'Anna danced like Berta.'). The semantics of equatives has up to now been studied nearly exclusively from the perspective of the comparative ('Anna is taller than Berta.') thereby excluding non-scalar equatives from the analysis. Moreover, it has been been studied nearly exclusively from the perspective of English, which does not suggest the idea of a uniform analysis of scalar and non-scalar cases due to their different grammatical form. In German, scalar and non-scalar equatives are both formed by means of 'wie'-clauses, calling for a uniform analysis. In this project, a generalized account of equatives will be developed (i) including scalar as well as non-scalar cases, (ii) promoting the idea that equatives express similarity, that is, indistinguishability with respect to a given set of features, and (iii) that this results from the meaning of the partical 'wie'. It will be hypothesized that the results prove valid in other languages exhibiting the same equative pattern as in German, e.g. in Polish and Italian (but not English).