U.S. CMS Phase-1 Upgrades

位于瑞士日内瓦的欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机（LHC）是世界上运行的主要粒子对撞机设施。紧凑介子螺线（CMS）实验是大型强子对撞机的两个大型实验之一，旨在了解希格斯玻色子的性质，并寻找超越粒子物理标准模型的新物理证据。希格斯玻色子于2012年在这里被发现。这些目标与在最基本的层面上理解宇宙有关。迎接这一挑战需要发展新的理论、新的仪器、新的加速器以及新的计算和数据分析工具，所有这些都对科学劳动力的发展和社会的进步产生重大而广泛的影响。未来三年，LHC物理项目将从碰撞能量为8太电子伏特（TeV）的数据采集和操作过渡到扩展的操作和数据采集，几乎是能量的两倍，13-14 TeV。来自美国的一千多名科学家参与了这项科学计划，进行了几项重大实验。该奖项为内布拉斯加州大学的Dominguez博士和他在美国八所大学的合作者提供了支持，以升级CMS探测器，使其能够继续以更高的能量和更高的速率在更长时间内有效地运行。这次升级将使科学家能够收集数据，寻找新的物理学来解释随着能量增加而出现的粒子理论的不一致性，并充分理解希格斯玻色子如何符合宇宙的基本理论。该基金支持的大学将建造安装在CMS探测器上的新仪器，这是在这种新的能量和数据速率制度下进行实时选择和收集数据、提供更好的粒子能量测量和提供带电粒子轨迹信息所必需的。本科生和研究生将帮助博士后研究人员和高级科学家建造这些升级的探测器，其中包含最先进的组件。高中学生和教师也将通过QuarkNet项目参与这些活动，目的是吸引和培养新一代的科学家和工程师。

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva Switzerland is the world's premier particle collider facility in operation. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is one of two large experiments at the LHC seeking to understand the nature of the Higgs Boson, which was discovered there in 2012, and to look for evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics. These goals are relevant to the understanding of the Universe at its most fundamental level. Meeting this challenge requires the development of new theories, new instrumentation, new accelerators, and new computing and data analysis tools, all of which have significant broader impact for the development of the scientific workforce and the advancement of society. The next three years represent a transition of the LHC physics program from a collision energy of 8 Teraelectronvolts (TeV) data-taking and operation, to extended operations and data-taking at nearly double the energy, 13-14 TeV. Over a thousand scientists from the United States are involved with this scientific program on several major experiments.This award provides support for Dr. Dominguez at the University of Nebraska and his collaborators at eight U.S. universities to upgrade the CMS detector so that it can continue to operate efficiently at higher energies for a longer time and at a higher rate. This upgrade will enable scientists to collect data to search for new physics to explain inconsistencies in the particle theory, which arise as the energy is increased, and to fully understand how the Higgs boson fits into a fundamental theory of the universe. The universities supported by this funding will build new instrumentation to be installed in the CMS detector, which is necessary in order to carry out a real-time selection and collection of data, provide a better measurement of particle energies, and provide charged-particle track information in this new energy and data rate regime. Undergraduate and graduate students will help the postdoctoral researchers and senior scientists build these upgraded detectors, which contain state-of-the-art components. High school students and teachers will also participate in these activities through the QuarkNet program with the goal of attracting and training a new generation of scientists and engineers.