Human Response To State Collapse And Social Transition

在国家科学基金会的支持下，尼古拉·沙拉特博士和查尔斯·斯宾塞博士将研究国家暴力崩溃的长期影响。复杂社会的崩溃是人类过去和现在反复出现的过程。虽然现有的考古研究极大地加深了对国家分裂的原因和方式的理解，但它主要关注的是直接的政治和经济结果。通过考察南美洲安第斯山脉最早的国家之一蒂亚瓦纳库（公元 500-1000 年）崩溃后几个世纪内发生的社会动态，该项目调查了政治瓦解对社会凝聚力、不稳定和文化连续性的持久影响。该项目汇集了来自美国和秘鲁的国际专家团队，将为美国和秘鲁学生提供培训机会以及论文数据。与许多其他国家崩溃的例子一样，尽管蒂亚瓦纳科的解体导致了政治和经济组织的彻底变化，但人们的日常生活方式、他们建造的材料和建筑以及他们制定的仪式明显具有相当大的连续性。这种连续性在位于秘鲁南部的图米拉卡·拉钦巴 (Tumilaca la Chimba) 遗址得到了清楚的证明。该遗址最初是在公元 1000 年左右由逃离蒂瓦纳库国家崩溃动乱的难民建立的。先前的研究表明，尽管该地区的居民经历了剧烈的政治变革，但他们仍保持了蒂亚瓦纳科的生活方式和文化习俗两百多年。然而，公元 1250 年左右，蒂亚瓦纳科的材料和实践从该遗址以及更广泛的地区消失。该研究将调查导致蒂亚瓦纳科附属社区在几个世纪的文化连续性和复原力之后急剧消失的社会过程。研究人员将测试蒂亚瓦纳科附属人口是否放弃了该地点、被外来者流离失所，或者被同化到新社区。这些解释的有效性将通过表征图米拉卡拉钦巴的蒂亚瓦纳科附属人口与公元 1250 年之后居住在该地区的人口之间的关系性质来确定。这将通过挖掘和分析公元 1250 年之后的占领数据来实现，这些数据与蒂亚瓦纳科附属社区的数据相当。通过挖掘房屋和墓葬、调查饮食、手工艺生产和仪式实践，研究人员将确定这两个社区是否具有共同的文化特征。通过骨学分析，特别是遗传决定的牙齿特征，研究人员将检查这两个人群是否具有生物学相关性。通过广泛的放射性碳测年考古环境，研究人员将调查这两个种群是否曾在该地点共存。政治崩溃是一个影响多个地理、时间和文化背景下的社会的过程。该项目以社会政治混乱对社区短期影响的现有研究为基础，从长远角度来研究几个世纪以来人们如何受到这种动荡的影响和应对。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Nicola Sharratt and Dr. Charles Spencer will examine the long-term impacts of violent state collapse. The breakdown of complex societies is a recurring process in the human past and present. While existing archaeological research has substantially advanced understanding of why and how states fragment, it has focused primarily on the immediate political and economic outcomes. By examining social dynamics that occurred over several centuries following the collapse of one of the earliest states in Andean South America, the Tiwanaku (AD 500-1000), this project investigates the lasting repercussions of political disintegration for social cohesion, instability, and cultural continuity. Bringing together an international team of specialists from the United States and Peru the project will provide training opportunities for American and Peruvian students, as well as data for theses and dissertations. As in many other examples of state collapse, although Tiwanaku's disintegration resulted in radical changes in political and economic organization, considerable continuity is evident in the ways that people lived their daily lives, the materials and architecture they constructed and the rituals they enacted. This continuity has been clearly demonstrated at the site of Tumilaca la Chimba, located in southern Peru. The site was first established around AD 1000 by refugees fleeing the turmoil of Tiwanaku state collapse. Previous research shows that although the site's inhabitants lived through drastic political change, they maintained Tiwanaku ways of life and cultural practices for more than two hundred years. However, around AD 1250, Tiwanaku materials and practices disappear from the site and from the region more broadly. The research will investigate the social processes that resulted in the drastic disappearance of Tiwanaku affiliated communities after several centuries of cultural continuity and resilience. Researchers will test whether the Tiwanaku affiliated population abandoned the site, was displaced by outsiders, or was assimilated into a new community. The validity of each of these explanations will be determined by characterizing the nature of the relationship between the Tiwanaku affiliated population at Tumilaca la Chimba, and the population who inhabited it after AD 1250. This will be achieved by excavating and analyzing data from the post-AD 1250 occupation that is comparable to that for the Tiwanaku affiliated community. By excavating houses and burials, investigating diet, craft production, and ritual practice researchers will determine whether the two communities shared a cultural identity. Through osteological analyses, particularly of genetically determined dental traits, researchers will examine whether the two populations were biologically related. By extensively radio-carbon dating archaeological contexts researchers will investigate whether the two populations ever co-existed at the site. Political collapse is a process that affects societies in numerous geographical, temporal, and cultural contexts. Building on existing research on the short-term impacts that socio-political disruption has on communities, this project takes a long-term perspective to investigate how populations can be affected by and respond to such turmoil for centuries.