Human Response To State Collapse And Social Transition

在国家科学基金会的支持下，尼古拉·夏拉特博士和查尔斯·斯宾塞博士将研究暴力国家崩溃的长期影响。在人类的过去和现在，复杂社会的崩溃是一个反复出现的过程。虽然现有的考古研究已经大大提高了对国家分裂的原因和方式的理解，但它主要集中在直接的政治和经济结果上。通过考察南美洲安第斯地区最早的国家之一蒂瓦纳库（公元500-1000年）崩溃后几个世纪的社会动态，本项目研究了政治解体对社会凝聚力、不稳定性和文化连续性的持久影响。该项目将汇集来自美国和秘鲁的国际专家团队，为美国和秘鲁学生提供培训机会，并为论文和学位论文提供数据。正如许多其他国家崩溃的例子一样，尽管蒂瓦纳库的解体导致了政治和经济组织的剧烈变化，但人们的日常生活方式、他们建造的材料和建筑以及他们制定的仪式明显具有相当大的连续性。这种连续性在位于秘鲁南部的图米拉卡拉钦巴遗址上得到了清楚的证明。该遗址最初是在公元1000年左右由逃离蒂瓦纳库国家崩溃动荡的难民建立的。先前的研究表明，尽管该遗址的居民经历了激烈的政治变革，但他们保持了蒂瓦纳库的生活方式和文化习俗200多年。然而，在公元1250年左右，蒂瓦纳库的材料和实践从该遗址和更广泛的地区消失了。该研究将调查导致Tiwanaku附属社区在几个世纪的文化连续性和复原力之后急剧消失的社会过程。研究人员将测试Tiwanaku附属的人口是否放弃了这个遗址，被外来者取代，或者被同化到一个新的社区。每一种解释的有效性都将通过描述图米拉卡拉钦巴的蒂瓦纳库附属人口与公元1250年后居住在那里的人口之间关系的性质来确定。这将通过挖掘和分析公元1250年后与Tiwanaku附属社区相当的占领数据来实现。通过挖掘房屋和墓葬，调查饮食，工艺生产和仪式实践，研究人员将确定两个社区是否共享文化身份。通过骨学分析，特别是基因决定的牙齿特征，研究人员将检验这两个种群是否具有生物学相关性。通过广泛的放射性碳定年考古背景，研究人员将调查这两个种群是否曾在该遗址共存过。政治崩溃是一个影响众多地理、时间和文化背景下的社会的过程。在现有的关于社会政治混乱对社区的短期影响的研究基础上，该项目以长期的角度来调查几个世纪以来人们如何受到这种动荡的影响并作出反应。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Nicola Sharratt and Dr. Charles Spencer will examine the long-term impacts of violent state collapse. The breakdown of complex societies is a recurring process in the human past and present. While existing archaeological research has substantially advanced understanding of why and how states fragment, it has focused primarily on the immediate political and economic outcomes. By examining social dynamics that occurred over several centuries following the collapse of one of the earliest states in Andean South America, the Tiwanaku (AD 500-1000), this project investigates the lasting repercussions of political disintegration for social cohesion, instability, and cultural continuity. Bringing together an international team of specialists from the United States and Peru the project will provide training opportunities for American and Peruvian students, as well as data for theses and dissertations. As in many other examples of state collapse, although Tiwanaku's disintegration resulted in radical changes in political and economic organization, considerable continuity is evident in the ways that people lived their daily lives, the materials and architecture they constructed and the rituals they enacted. This continuity has been clearly demonstrated at the site of Tumilaca la Chimba, located in southern Peru. The site was first established around AD 1000 by refugees fleeing the turmoil of Tiwanaku state collapse. Previous research shows that although the site's inhabitants lived through drastic political change, they maintained Tiwanaku ways of life and cultural practices for more than two hundred years. However, around AD 1250, Tiwanaku materials and practices disappear from the site and from the region more broadly. The research will investigate the social processes that resulted in the drastic disappearance of Tiwanaku affiliated communities after several centuries of cultural continuity and resilience. Researchers will test whether the Tiwanaku affiliated population abandoned the site, was displaced by outsiders, or was assimilated into a new community. The validity of each of these explanations will be determined by characterizing the nature of the relationship between the Tiwanaku affiliated population at Tumilaca la Chimba, and the population who inhabited it after AD 1250. This will be achieved by excavating and analyzing data from the post-AD 1250 occupation that is comparable to that for the Tiwanaku affiliated community. By excavating houses and burials, investigating diet, craft production, and ritual practice researchers will determine whether the two communities shared a cultural identity. Through osteological analyses, particularly of genetically determined dental traits, researchers will examine whether the two populations were biologically related. By extensively radio-carbon dating archaeological contexts researchers will investigate whether the two populations ever co-existed at the site. Political collapse is a process that affects societies in numerous geographical, temporal, and cultural contexts. Building on existing research on the short-term impacts that socio-political disruption has on communities, this project takes a long-term perspective to investigate how populations can be affected by and respond to such turmoil for centuries.