Development of GPS as a Volcanic Plume Sensor

1360810Larson这笔赠款支持开发代码，希望能够使用安装在世界各地靠近活火山系统（例如冰岛阿留申群岛）的现有全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）接收器，对喷发的火山灰和气体羽流进行可靠、自动化、远程检测。 世界各地安装的大多数现有连续运行 GNSS 接收器用于检测和量化由构造、地震、火山、表面载荷或地下流体动力学迫使地球变形引起的微妙 (mm) 或不那么微妙 (m) 的位置变化？地壳。 在对具有已知喷发火山灰云活动记录的火山附近站点的 GNSS 信噪比观测进行初步分析时，PI 证明了检测羽流技术的可行性。 该项目将进一步开发和测试使用 GPS 信号强度数据自动检测火山羽流的算法，并将依靠多年来从数百个地点获取的 GNSS 数据来确定检索精度。这些站点将包括来自不同制造商的支持美国 GPS 和俄罗斯 GLONASS 的卫星接收器。 结果将根据阿拉斯加和冰岛火山羽流的扫描雷达观测进行验证。 不同接收器的性能将被编录，以便为寻求实施 GPS 羽流传感网络的火山科学家提供反馈。 除了开发火山灰羽流的 GNSS 检测代码外，该项目还将涉及 GPS 数据的正向建模，试图将 GPS 信号强度观测值与火山灰浓度和颗粒尺寸联系起来。考虑到多个 GNSS 网络在全球范围内运行，许多靠近活火山系统，工具包中还有另一种观测模式，可以以边际成本检测危险的火山灰羽流，这对保护生命和财产具有重要意义，并且对缓解航空公司的影响特别重要危险.***

1360810LarsonThis grant supports development of code that hopes to allow for reliable, automated, remote detection of plumes of erupted volcanic ash and gas using extant global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers installed at locations around the world that are proximal to active volcanic systems (e.g., the Aleutians, Iceland). Most extant continuously operating GNSS receivers that have been installed around the world are used for detection and quantification of subtle (mm) or not so subtle (m) position changes caused by tectonically, seismically, volcanically, surface load or subsurface fluid dynamics-forced deformation of the Earth? crust. In preliminary analyses of GNSS signal to noise ratio observations at stations proximal to volcanoes with a known record of eruptive ash cloud activity, the PI has demonstrated the feasibility of the technique for detection of plumes. This project will further develop and test algorithms to automatically detect volcanic plumes using GPS signal strength data and will rely on GNSS data taken from hundreds of sites over multiple years to establish the precision of retrievals. The sites will include U.S. GPS and Russian GLONASS capable satellite receivers from various manufacturers. The results will be validated against scanning radar observations of volcanic plumes in Alaska and Iceland. The performance of different receivers will be catalogued to provide feedback to volcano scientists seeking to implement GPS plume sensing networks. In addition to developing code for GNSS detection of volcanic ash plumes, the project will involve forward modeling of GPS data in an attempt to link GPS signal strength observations to ash concentrations and particle size.Having another observational modality in the toolkit for detection of hazardous volcanic ash plumes at marginal cost, given that multiple GNSS networks are operating around the globe with many proximal to active volcanic systems, has implications for the protection of life and property and is of particular interest to mitigating airline hazards.***