Synthesis of Complex, Multi-Phase Solid Electrolytes by a Vapor Phase Process

通过气相法合成复杂的多相固体电解质

• 批准号: 1407048
• 负责人: Anil Virkar
• 金额: $ 37.76万
• 依托单位: University of Utah
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-07-01 至 2019-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1407048&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Synthesis; Complex; Multi; Phase; Solid

NON-TECHNICAL: This work focuses on the synthesis of materials that will be used in batteries to store electrical energy generated by various renewable sources (such as solar, wind) as well as using natural gas and biogas. The batteries made using such materials are also ideally suited for load leveling, which means storage of electrical energy produced during off peak times and used during peak usage times. Load leveling batteries have the potential to reduce the size of the carbon dioxide-producing power plants which has a direct influence on our environment. The current method of making such materials used as electrolytes involves high temperatures and the materials produced easily degrade under typical atmospheric conditions. This approach builds on the very basics of thermodynamic stability of materials and multi-species transport, central to the fabrication of new types of oxide materials in various applications in chemical industry and other processes, and has the potential to make durable materials in environmentally clean ways. Two undergraduate students are recruited to work on the project each year. At least one of the students is from an underrepresented group. As well, one graduate student is being trained throughout the duration of the project. The students are gaining expertise in science and engineering related to ceramic processing. TECHNICAL DETAILS: Transport in ionically bonded systems most always involves coupling of fluxes. This coupling is typically electrical. For years, all transport processes (e.g., amibipolar transport) have been described using diffusion equations applied to single phase systems. For example, many studies have described transport through single phase materials, e.g., alumina, magnesia, and zirconia. In such systems, the slowest moving species dictates the kinetics, and thus governs the processes such as sintering. This work shows that electrical coupling (which can in principle be described by Onsager equations and linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics) is not limited to single phase systems. Thus, it is possible to envision parallel transport to multi-phase systems, which is still governed by electrical coupling. The principal scientific advance is in using this concept to increase the kinetics of transport by orders of magnitude. As a specific example, transport in single phase alumina (or Na-beta"-alumina) is very sluggish due to slow oxygen diffusion. However, by providing a rapid path for the transport of oxygen (using an oxygen ion conductor as a constituent in a two phase system), the process kinetics is enhanced. Additionally, this approach allows a precise control over thermodynamics such that unwanted side reactions are suppressed. This approach is not limited to oxides, but can be extended to many other types of technologically important materials (halides, sulfides, etc.) and can also be extended to more than two phases. The approach has the potential to lead to processes for the synthesis of materials with novel properties and new directions of research.

非技术性：这项工作的重点是合成将用于电池的材料，以存储各种可再生能源（如太阳能，风能）以及使用天然气和沼气产生的电能。使用这种材料制成的电池也非常适合负载均衡，这意味着存储在非高峰时间产生的电能和在高峰使用时间使用的电能。负载均衡电池有可能减少对我们的环境有直接影响的二氧化碳产生发电厂的规模。目前制造这种用作电解质的材料的方法涉及高温，并且所产生的材料在典型的大气条件下容易降解。这种方法建立在材料的热力学稳定性和多物种传输的基础之上，这是化学工业和其他工艺中各种应用中新型氧化物材料制造的核心，并且有可能以环境清洁的方式制造耐用材料。每年招收两名本科生从事该项目。至少有一名学生来自代表性不足的群体。此外，一名研究生在整个项目期间接受培训。 学生们正在获得与陶瓷加工相关的科学和工程专业知识。技术问题：离子键合系统中的传输通常涉及焊剂的耦合。这种耦合通常是电耦合。多年来，所有运输过程（例如，双极输运）已经使用应用于单相系统的扩散方程进行了描述。例如，许多研究已经描述了通过单相材料的传输，氧化铝、氧化镁和氧化锆。在这样的系统中，移动最慢的物质决定了动力学，从而控制了诸如烧结的过程。这项工作表明，电耦合（原则上可以描述的Onsager方程和线性非平衡热力学）并不限于单相系统。因此，可以设想到多相系统的并行传输，这仍然是由电耦合控制的。主要的科学进展是利用这一概念将迁移动力学提高了几个数量级。作为一个具体的例子，在单相氧化铝（或Na-β”-氧化铝）中的传输由于缓慢的氧扩散而非常缓慢。然而，通过提供用于输送氧的快速路径（使用氧离子导体作为两相系统中的组分），增强了工艺动力学。此外，这种方法还可以精确控制热力学，从而抑制不需要的副反应。这种方法不仅限于氧化物，还可以扩展到许多其他类型的技术重要材料（卤化物，硫化物等）。也可以扩展到两相以上。该方法有可能导致新的性能和新的研究方向的材料的合成过程。