Doctoral Dissertation Research: Assessing the Conditions Under Which Nations Implement International Anti-Atrocity Laws

博士论文研究：评估各国实施国际反暴行法的条件

• 批准号: 1423578
• 负责人: Charles Anthony Smith
• 金额: $ 2.16万
• 依托单位: University of California-Irvine
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-07-15 至 2016-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1423578&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Assessing; Conditions

Large bodies of research examine why states construct and ratify international legal agreements. Yet relatively little research assesses the conditions under which states are likely to go further and incorporate international legal rules into their domestic laws. This study contributes to our understanding of why and when states incorporate international accords into their legal systems through examination of criminal prohibitions against genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and torture. These norms are designed to work primarily through domestic courts, so in order to fulfill their function, states must pass criminal laws that define and allow their courts to prosecute these offenses. This research will produce a new, publicly available dataset on the worldwide spread of anti-atrocity laws since World War II. Through analysis of the patterns by which these laws have been adopted, this research will shed new light on more general mechanisms that facilitate the implementation of international law.Specifically, this study hypothesizes that states are likely to implement anti-atrocity laws during large-scale processes of criminal code reform, because such reforms empower legal experts to identify and codify laws - like anti-atrocity laws - that they believe embody how a modern criminal code should look. To test this argument against a variety of alternatives drawn from the literatures on human rights and norm diffusion, this study uses time-series statistical analyses of an original and comprehensive dataset on the spread of national criminal laws against genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and torture since 1945. To verify and further probe the causal mechanisms underlying the statistical results, this study investigates a single case that is particularly puzzling for existing theories, that is Guatemala's adoption of these laws in 1973.

大量的研究探讨了为什么国家制定和批准国际法律的协定。然而，对各国可能进一步将国际法律的规则纳入国内法的条件进行评估的研究相对较少。这项研究有助于我们理解为什么以及当国家纳入其法律的制度，通过对种族灭绝罪，战争罪，危害人类罪和酷刑的刑事禁令检查国际协议。这些规范主要通过国内法院发挥作用，因此，为了履行其职能，各国必须通过刑事法律，界定并允许其法院起诉这些罪行。这项研究将产生一个新的，公开的数据集，关于自第二次世界大战以来反暴行法在全球范围内的传播。通过分析这些法律的通过模式，本研究将为促进国际法实施的更一般机制提供新的视角。具体而言，本研究假设，各国可能在大规模刑法改革过程中实施反暴行法，因为这样的改革使法律的专家能够确定和编纂他们认为体现现代刑法典应有面貌的法律--如反暴行法。为了检验这一论点，反对从人权和规范传播的文献中得出的各种替代方案，本研究使用了一个原始和全面的数据集的时间序列统计分析，该数据集是关于自1945年以来国家刑法对种族灭绝，战争罪，危害人类罪和酷刑的传播。为了验证和进一步探讨统计结果背后的因果机制，本研究调查了一个单一的情况下，是特别令人困惑的现有理论，即危地马拉通过这些法律在1973年。