Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Faunal Economy And Social Complexity

复杂的国家层面的社会是人类史前时期的最新发展，考古学家想要了解它们是如何出现和运作的。例如，等级政治和经济结构是如何发展的。当这种情况发生时，它们是如何运作的，多个系统是如何集成的？该项目通过分析从铁器时代遗址恢复的动物遗骸，直接解决了这些问题。它采用动物骨骼的同位素分析。同位素模式反映了动物在其一生中如何在这片土地上移动。在John Krigbaum博士的指导下，Gypsy Price将分析来自青铜时代晚期（约公元前1600-1150年）希腊迈锡尼标志性宫殿定居点不同社会经济背景下的动物骨骼和牙齿的同位素比率（δ 13C, 15N， 18O和87Sr/86Sr）。从历史上看，迈锡尼经济的特点是再分配系统，其中商品/劳动力的交换由中央当局（宫殿）管理。最近的调查对这些模型提出了挑战，指出它们忽略了日常资源的实际流通，如生活必需品、非精英阶层之间的相互作用和特定地点的变化。相反，有人认为，在宫殿和非宫殿聚落之间，多种经济系统同时运作。这些系统根据政治和社会策略（例如，宴会、生产财富物品、殡葬炫耀和对神/祖先的崇敬），将资源向上动员到宫殿定居点。该研究将通过整合同位素数据和动物考古分析来评估动物资源利用模式，从而为迈锡尼经济提供一个独特的微观尺度视角。材料将从两个地点取样：Petsas House，被认为在独立供应的工业/家庭领域内运作；邪教中心被认为在国家规定的宗教/邪教范围内运作。按分类单元和挖掘环境划分的同位素变化将有助于评估已开发的动物资源的管理和分布（例如，供应技术、季节性迁移、出生地点），从而在更大的社会政治网络中阐明不同的动物经济。本研究将运用社会与政治经济学理论来厘清资源生产、资源分配与政治权威之间的互动关系。所采用的方法将通过使用挖掘良好的动物遗骸来增强现有的解释性叙述，从而促进微妙的社会经济网络的构建和测试。此外，本研究将为该地区的人类和动物遗骸的饮食和流动性研究提供比较数据，并通过利用同位素比率来帮助识别以前无法识别的分类内亚群，为传统的动物考古学分析提供方法上的贡献。这项研究的广泛影响包括对理解早期复杂社会、教育和公众宣传以及本科生和研究生培训的方法和理论贡献。这项研究是佛罗里达大学、加州大学伯克利分校、康涅狄格大学、迈锡尼考古博物馆、美国考古研究所和雅典考古学会共同努力和支持的结果。它要求多个学科使用古生物学和地球化学方法以及基于社会经济理论的理论方法来生成和解释数据。这项研究的结果将在国内和国际会议上发表，并纳入佛罗里达大学、加州大学伯克利分校和马萨诸塞州布伦特里塞耶学院的课程，在当地居民和隶属于各种教育机构的团体参加的实地考察中展示，并为迈锡尼考古博物馆的展览提供信息。此外，这项研究将为佛罗里达大学人类学系骨化学实验室的本科生和研究生提供分析和实验室技术方面的培训，这些技术面向使用小样本，以尽量减少对考古记录的破坏。

Complex state level societies are a recent development in human prehistory and archaeologists want to understand how they emerged and functioned. How, for example did hierarchical political and economic structures develop. As this took place how did they function and how were multiple systems integrated? This project addresses these issues directly through the analysis of faunal remains recovered from an Iron Age site. It employs isotopic analysis of animal bone. Isotopic patterns reflect how animals during their lifetime moved across the landscape.Under the direction of Dr. John Krigbaum, Gypsy Price will analyze isotope ratios (delta 13C, 15N, 18O, and 87Sr/86Sr) derived from faunal bones and teeth from disparate socio-economic contexts of the iconic palatial settlement of Mycenae, Greece, during the Late Bronze Age (circa 1600-1150 BC). Historically, Mycenaean economies were characterized as re-distributive systems in which exchange of goods/labor were regulated by a central authority (the palace). Recent investigations challenge these models, noting that they ignore the practical circulation of mundane resources such as subsistence goods, interactions between the non-elite, and site-specific variation. Rather, it is argued that multiple economic systems operated concurrently between palatial and non-palatial settlements. These systems mobilized resources upwards towards palatial settlements in response to political and social strategies (e.g., feasting, production of wealth items, mortuary ostentation, and reverence of divinities/ancestors). This research will contribute a unique, micro-scalar perspective to Mycenaean economy by integrating isotopic data and zooarchaeological analyses to assess patterns of faunal resource use. Material will be sampled from two sites: Petsas House, thought to have operated within an independently provisioned industrial/domestic sphere; and the Cult Center, thought to have operated within a state provisioned religious/cult sphere. Isotopic variation by taxon and excavated context will allow assessment of the management and distribution of exploited faunal resources (e.g., provisioning techniques, seasonal movement, place of birth) to clarify distinct faunal economies within a larger socio-political network. This research will apply social and political economic theory to clarify the interaction between resource production, resource distribution, and political authority. Methods employed will facilitate the construction and testing of nuanced socio-economic networks by using well-excavated faunal remains to augment existing interpretative narratives. Additionally, this study will provide comparative data for dietary and mobility studies of human and faunal remains in the region, as well as contribute methodologically to traditional zooarchaeological analysis by utilizing isotopic ratios to assist in the identification of intra-taxonomic subgroups which were previously unidentifiable. The broader impacts of this research include methodological and theoretical contributions to understanding early complex societies, education and public outreach, and undergraduate and graduate training. This research represents the combined efforts and support of the University of Florida, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Connecticut, the Mycenae Archaeological Museum, the Archaeological Institute of America, and the Archaeological Society of Athens. It calls upon multiple disciplines to generate and interpret data using methods developed in paleontology and geochemistry and theoretical methods based on socio-economic theory. Results from this research will be presented at national and international meetings, integrated into curricula at the University of Florida, University of California, Berkeley, and Thayer Academy in Braintree, MA, presented during field site tours attended by locals and groups affiliated with various educational institutions, and help inform the displays at the Archaeological Museum at Mycenae. Additionally, this research will provide training in analytical and lab techniques geared towards using small samples size to minimize destruction to the archaeological record for undergraduate and graduate students in the Bone Chemistry Lab, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida.