Collaborative Research: Global Ocean Repeat Hydrography, Carbon & Tracer Measurements 2015-2020

地球的气候正在发生变化，在某些地区存在很大的自然年代际变化。气候系统最重要和最基本的组成部分包括热量、淡水和海洋的碳含量和迁移，它们与大气层和冰冻圈中气候系统的其他基本组成部分直接相互作用。反过来，海洋的碳含量、碳酸盐饱和状态、氧气和营养物质的相关变化和趋势又影响其内部生物环境，造成显著的大规模区域变化。 这项关于海洋碳循环和环流的联合研究对于确定海洋环流变化可能对未来人类碳吸收产生严重后果的关键领域至关重要。全球变暖引起的海洋热量和淡水输送的变化可能会影响环流，正在通过这些长期测量进行跟踪。 迄今为止的结果表明，深海正在变暖，吸收了整个地球系统中高达30%的多余热量，导致上层海洋的环流模式和通风率发生变化。从大气到海洋的人类活动碳吸收量已被绘制成图，并表明海洋正在酸化。海洋温跃层中的氧浓度正在下降，热带最低含氧区正在扩大。该项目的基本概念是，收集的数据属于社区，需要通过公认的国际数据中心迅速免费提供给整个社区。该项目将继续促进研究生、博士后科学家和从事航海工作的新科学家的培训和学习。外联活动将随着机会的出现而继续进行，过去十年（2003-2014年）在全球范围内有系统地重新占用选定的海洋水文剖面的工作将延续到2015-2020年期间，目标仍然是量化全深度海洋的变化。该项目支持美国气候变化和可预测性（CLIVAR）和碳科学计划，是物理气候和碳系统全球观测系统的一个组成部分。这一长期项目继续为以下重叠的科学目标做出贡献：模型校准、验证和基于模型的合成数据;碳系统研究;热和淡水储存和通量研究;深水和浅水质量和通风研究;以及自主传感器的校准。通过整合碳、示踪剂和水文学界的科学需求，将继续实现重大的科学协同增效和成本节约。除了效率，协调的方法产生的科学进步超过了那些有单独的计划。平均每年将举办两节，有时与国际伙伴合作。对每个断面进行的测量包括水文地理学（盐度、温度、氧气、营养物、海流的全深度垂直剖面）、海底表层温度、盐度、二氧化碳分压（pCO 2）、海气通量、水深测量、导航）、碳系统（溶解无机碳，pCO 2）。总碱度、pH值、溶解有机碳和氮）和瞬态示踪剂。该项目将收集数据，并执行由参考质量数据提供者常规执行的质量控制措施。航行后的数据更新、分发和存档将继续由各小组管理，并单独提供资金。这一正在进行的项目与监测海洋对气候变化的反应的更大的国际努力相结合。

Earth's climate is changing, with large natural decadal variability in some regions. Among the most important and basic climate system components are the heat, freshwater, and carbon content and transport of the oceans, which directly interact with other essential components of the climate system in the atmosphere and cryosphere. In turn the associated variability and trends in the ocean's carbon content, carbonate saturation state, oxygen, and nutrients impact its internal biological environment, with notable large-scale regional changes. This joint study of the ocean carbon cycle and circulation is critical to identify critical areas where changes in ocean circulation could have serious consequences for future anthropogenic carbon uptake. Global warming-induced changes in the ocean's transport of heat and freshwater, which could affect the circulation, are being followed through these long-term measurements. Results to date have shown that the abyssal ocean is warming, taking up to 30% of the excess heat in the entire Earth system, leading to changes in circulation patterns and ventilation rates in the upper ocean. The uptake of anthropogenic carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean has been mapped and shows that the oceans are acidifying. Oxygen concentrations are declining in the ocean thermocline, and tropical oxygen minimum zones are expanding. The project is based on the fundamental concept that data collected belong to the community and need to be made quickly and freely available to the community at large through a recognized international data center. The project will continue to promote training and learning for graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and new scientists in sea-going work. Outreach activities will continue as opportunities arise.The systematic and global re-occupation of select ocean hydrographic sections conducted for the past decade (2003-2014) will be extended into the 2015-2020 period with the continued objective of quantifying changes in the full-depth ocean. The project is in support of the U.S. CLIVAR (CLImate Variability and predictability) and the Carbon Science Programs, and is a component of a global observing system for the physical climate and carbon system. This long-standing project continues to contribute to the following overlapping scientific objectives: Data for Model Calibration, Validation and Model Based Synthesis; Carbon System Studies; Heat and Freshwater Storage and Flux Studies; Deep and Shallow Water Mass and Ventilation Studies; and Calibration of Autonomous Sensors. By integrating the scientific needs of the carbon, tracer and hydrographic communities, major scientific synergies and cost savings will continue to be achieved. In addition to efficiency, the coordinated approach produces scientific advances that exceed those of having individual programs. An average of two sections will be conducted every year, sometime collaboratively with international partner. The measurements made on each section include hydrography (full-depth vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, oxygen, nutrients, currents), Underway surface temperature, salinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), air-sea fluxes, bathymetry, navigation), carbon system (dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2. Total Alkalinity, pH, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen), and transient tracers. This project will collect the data and perform the quality control measures routinely carried out by providers of reference-quality data. Post-cruise data updates, distribution, and archive will continue to be managed by groups with separate funding. This ongoing project is integrated with a larger international effort to monitor the ocean's response to climate change.