Collaborative Research: Global Ocean Repeat Hydrography, Carbon & Tracer Measurements 2015-2020

地球的气候正在发生变化，在一些地区有很大的自然年代际变化。最重要和最基本的气候系统组成部分包括热量、淡水、海洋的碳含量和运输，它们与大气和冰冻圈中气候系统的其他基本组成部分直接相互作用。反过来，海洋碳含量、碳酸盐饱和状态、氧和营养物质的相关变率和趋势影响其内部生物环境，具有显著的大尺度区域变化。这项关于海洋碳循环和循环的联合研究对于确定海洋环流变化可能对未来人为碳吸收产生严重后果的关键区域至关重要。全球变暖引起的海洋热量和淡水运输的变化可能会影响环流，这些变化正在通过这些长期测量进行跟踪。迄今为止的结果表明，深海正在变暖，吸收了整个地球系统中30%的多余热量，导致了上层海洋环流模式和通风率的变化。从大气到海洋的人为碳吸收已经被绘制出来，显示海洋正在酸化。海洋温跃层中的氧浓度正在下降，热带氧最小带正在扩大。该项目基于这样一个基本概念，即收集的数据属于社区，需要通过公认的国际数据中心迅速和免费地提供给整个社区。该项目将继续促进研究生、博士后科学家和海洋工作新科学家的培训和学习。一旦有机会，将继续开展外联活动。过去十年（2003-2014年）对选定的海洋水文剖面进行的系统和全球再占领将延长至2015-2020年期间，其目标仍然是量化全深度海洋的变化。该项目支持美国CLIVAR（气候变率和可预测性）和碳科学计划，是全球物理气候和碳系统观测系统的一个组成部分。这个长期的项目继续为以下重叠的科学目标做出贡献：模型校准、验证和基于模型的综合数据；碳系统研究；热量和淡水储存和通量研究；深浅水质量及通风研究；自主传感器的标定。通过整合碳、示踪剂和水文测量界的科学需求，将继续实现重大的科学协同效应和成本节约。除了效率之外，协调的方法产生的科学进步超过了单独的项目。每年平均举办两个节，有时与国际合作伙伴合作。在每个剖面上进行的测量包括水文（盐度、温度、氧气、营养物质、海流的全深度垂直剖面）、航行中表面温度、盐度、二氧化碳分压（pCO2）、海气通量、测深、导航)、碳系统（溶解无机碳，pCO2）。总碱度，pH值，溶解有机碳和氮)和瞬态示踪剂。本项目将收集数据并执行由参考质量数据提供者例行执行的质量控制措施。巡航后的数据更新、分发和存档将继续由有单独资金的小组管理。这个正在进行的项目与监测海洋对气候变化的反应的更大的国际努力相结合。

Earth's climate is changing, with large natural decadal variability in some regions. Among the most important and basic climate system components are the heat, freshwater, and carbon content and transport of the oceans, which directly interact with other essential components of the climate system in the atmosphere and cryosphere. In turn the associated variability and trends in the ocean's carbon content, carbonate saturation state, oxygen, and nutrients impact its internal biological environment, with notable large-scale regional changes. This joint study of the ocean carbon cycle and circulation is critical to identify critical areas where changes in ocean circulation could have serious consequences for future anthropogenic carbon uptake. Global warming-induced changes in the ocean's transport of heat and freshwater, which could affect the circulation, are being followed through these long-term measurements. Results to date have shown that the abyssal ocean is warming, taking up to 30% of the excess heat in the entire Earth system, leading to changes in circulation patterns and ventilation rates in the upper ocean. The uptake of anthropogenic carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean has been mapped and shows that the oceans are acidifying. Oxygen concentrations are declining in the ocean thermocline, and tropical oxygen minimum zones are expanding. The project is based on the fundamental concept that data collected belong to the community and need to be made quickly and freely available to the community at large through a recognized international data center. The project will continue to promote training and learning for graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and new scientists in sea-going work. Outreach activities will continue as opportunities arise.The systematic and global re-occupation of select ocean hydrographic sections conducted for the past decade (2003-2014) will be extended into the 2015-2020 period with the continued objective of quantifying changes in the full-depth ocean. The project is in support of the U.S. CLIVAR (CLImate Variability and predictability) and the Carbon Science Programs, and is a component of a global observing system for the physical climate and carbon system. This long-standing project continues to contribute to the following overlapping scientific objectives: Data for Model Calibration, Validation and Model Based Synthesis; Carbon System Studies; Heat and Freshwater Storage and Flux Studies; Deep and Shallow Water Mass and Ventilation Studies; and Calibration of Autonomous Sensors. By integrating the scientific needs of the carbon, tracer and hydrographic communities, major scientific synergies and cost savings will continue to be achieved. In addition to efficiency, the coordinated approach produces scientific advances that exceed those of having individual programs. An average of two sections will be conducted every year, sometime collaboratively with international partner. The measurements made on each section include hydrography (full-depth vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, oxygen, nutrients, currents), Underway surface temperature, salinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), air-sea fluxes, bathymetry, navigation), carbon system (dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2. Total Alkalinity, pH, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen), and transient tracers. This project will collect the data and perform the quality control measures routinely carried out by providers of reference-quality data. Post-cruise data updates, distribution, and archive will continue to be managed by groups with separate funding. This ongoing project is integrated with a larger international effort to monitor the ocean's response to climate change.