Erebus Volcano: Ccharacterizing a Subglacial Hydrothermal System and Potential effects on Carbon Dioxide Degassing

南极洲的埃里伯斯火山是目前世界上最南端的活火山，两侧完全被冰川覆盖，还有一个活跃的、长期存在的熔岩湖。它是一个研究岩浆过程的天然实验室，因为它有持续的火山活动，位于一个大气条件极其干燥的地区，表面缺乏液态水，以及极好的后勤支持。因此，这里是研究岩浆脱气的理想地点。在埃里伯斯，火山脱气发生在主火山口和熔岩湖，但也像许多火山一样，沿着它的侧翼。非冰川火山的侧面脱气通常是分散的，难以测量，相比之下，埃里布斯上的冰塔和冰洞是活跃脱气地点的直接指示。该项目将调查大约20个冰洞中的气体和蒸汽排放。初步结果表明，冰洞内气体的组成是岩浆气体和空气的混合物，进一步说，这些气体很可能与冰川下面的一个液态的、温暖的热液系统相互作用，并溶解在其中。从火山侧翼向大气中脱气的二氧化碳量以及热液系统（如果存在）溶解岩浆气体的能力都将被量化。这些结果将有助于更好地量化冰川火山释放的二氧化碳和其他气体，这与更好地理解地球历史上较冷的时期有关，包括可能解释从较冷时期到较暖时期的转变。该项目将培训一名博士后研究员，从事火山和热液气体取样和分析、火山二氧化碳排放的测量和结果解释。这次考察的图像、概念和数据将用于新墨西哥大学的课堂教学，这是一所少数民族服务机构。对二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和稀有气体相对丰度的精确量化，将使我们能够描述冰川火山下液态热液系统的范围和温度分布。这些数据与冰洞中二氧化碳通量的测量相结合，提供了关于液体为主的深海热液系统吸收和封存二氧化碳过程的信息。通过应用地球化学技术和建模，可以确定热液系统的温度、pH值和挥发性含量，可以评估溶解到液相中的二氧化碳量，以及从火山侧翼脱气的二氧化碳的最终来源。这些结果可以为冰川火山对地球大气的二氧化碳贡献模型提供信息和改进。除了培养一名博士后外，拓展工作还将包括利用地质学和火山学入门课程的材料和视觉效果。新墨西哥大学是一所少数族裔占多数的大学，也是联邦政府认定的为西班牙裔服务的大学。因此，有相当大比例的来自不同文化背景的本科生会上导论课，接触到这些教材。

Erebus Volcano, Antarctica, is the world's southernmost currently active volcano, with fully glaciated flanks, and an active, long-lived lava lake. It is a natural laboratory for the study of magmatic processes due to its consistent volcanic activity, location in an area with extremely dry atmospheric conditions, lack of liquid water at the surface, and superb logistical support. As such, it is the ideal place to investigate magma degassing. At Erebus volcanic degassing occurs through the main crater and lava-lake but also, as at many volcanoes, along its flanks. In contrast to non-glaciated volcanoes where flank degassing is often diffuse and difficult to measure, the ice-towers and ice caves on Erebus are direct indicators of sites of active degassing. This project will investigate gas and steam discharges in approximately 20 ice caves. Preliminary results show that the composition of gases within the ice caves is a mixture of magmatic gases and air, and further that the gases are likely interacting with, and dissolving in, a liquid, warm, hydrothermal system below the glacier. The amount of carbon dioxide degassing from the volcano's flanks to the atmosphere and the ability of the hydrothermal system (if present) to dissolve magmatic gases will both be quantified. The results will have implications for better quantifying carbon dioxide and other gas emissions from glaciated volcanoes, which is relevant for better understanding of colder periods in Earth's history, including potentially explaining the transition from colder periods to warmer ones. The project will train a post-doctoral researcher in volcanic and hydrothermal gas sampling and analyses, measurements of carbon dioxide emissions from the volcano, and interpretation of the results. Images, concepts, and data from the expedition will be used in classroom teaching at the University of New Mexico, a minority serving institution.The precise quantification of the relative abundances of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and the noble gases will allow us to characterize the extent and temperature distribution of the liquid hydrothermal system below the glaciated volcano. Combination of these data with measurement of CO2 flux in the ice caves provides information on the processes of CO2 absorption and sequestration by the liquid-dominated hydrothermal system at depth. By applying geochemical techniques and modeling, the temperature, pH, and volatile content of the hydrothermal system can be determined, the amount of CO2 that dissolves into the liquid phase, and the ultimate source of the CO2 that is degassing from the volcano's flanks will be assessed. These results can inform, and improve, models of volcanic CO2 contributions to the Earth's atmosphere from glaciated volcanoes. In addition to training a post-doc, outreach efforts will include utilization of materials and visuals for introductory Geology and volcanology classes. UNM is a majority-minority institution and federally classified Hispanic-serving institution. Therefore, a comparatively large proportion of undergraduates from culturally diverse backgrounds take introduction classes and will be exposed to these teaching materials.