Word formation in Kallawaya: nominal compounding and noun incorporation

拟议的后续项目将涉及卡拉瓦亚语中名词性复合词和名词并入的构词过程，卡拉瓦亚语是玻利维亚西北部的喀拉瓦亚语的一种混合的秘密语言，玻利维亚西北部的喀拉瓦亚湖附近的草药初学者讲这种语言。卡拉瓦亚语的语法很大程度上源于南部的一种盖丘亚语变体，而如今已经灭绝且文献记载不多的普金纳语据说已经成为主要的词汇识别语言。卡拉瓦亚语源于一种转变的情况，一个以前讲普金纳语的社区转移到了盖丘亚语，从而失去了相当数量的普金纳语词汇。本文假设，名词性复合词和名词并入的构词过程是通过在普金纳和卡拉瓦亚词项的基础上创造新词来取代失去的普金纳词汇的手段。为了研究这些构词过程并将它们与卡拉瓦亚的秘密词典联系起来，提出了三个研究步骤：1)从本项目创建的卡拉瓦亚数据库中选择所有名词性复合词和名词并入的实例；2)根据形态、语义和词源标准对这些选定的形式进行分类；这些选定的形式将被分类到两个数据库中；3)根据用于选择和分类名词性复合词和名词联合体的标准对这两个数据库进行评估。为了研究卡拉瓦亚的合成词和合并，将考虑这些构词过程的一般类型学特征以及更具体的语言标准。也就是说，名词性复合词将从中心语和非中心语成分之间的语法关系(S)方面进行研究。此外，它们将被归类为根化合物或合成化合物。关于名词合并，将考察合并成分的词类和形态形式，以及动词和其合并名词之间的语义关系。此外，合并动词的配价也将被考虑在内。关于语义域、复合词或合成词的问题可以归结为关于构式的词源组成的问题，目的是将合成词和合成词与秘密的卡拉瓦亚词典联系起来。这项拟议中的调查将是第一次检查卡拉瓦亚的构词过程。因此，它不仅对秘密语言的研究有意义，而且从更广泛的类型学角度来看也是如此，因为它有助于建立构词法数据库。

The proposed follow-up project will be concerned with the word formation processes of nominal compounding and noun incorporation in Kallawaya, which is a mixed and secret language, spoken by initiated herbalists in north-western Bolivia, near Lake Titicaca. The grammar of Kallawaya derives largely from a southern Quechua variety, while nowadays extinct and poorly documented Pukina is said to have been the main lexifier language. Kallawaya arose from a shift situation, where a former Pukina speaking community shifted to Quechua, thereby losing a considerable amount of Pukina lexical items. It is hypothesised that the word formation processes of nominal compounding and noun incorporation are means to replace the lost Pukina vocabulary by creating new words on the basis of Pukina and Kallawaya lexical items. In order to investigate these word formation processes and to relate them to the secret lexicon of Kallawaya, three steps of research are proposed: 1) Selection of all instances of nominal compounding and noun incorporation from the Kallawaya database created in the current project; 2) classification of these selected forms according to morphological, semantic, and etymological criteria; these selected forms will be sorted into two databases; 3) evaluation of these two databases with respect to the criteria applied in selecting and classifying nominal compounds and noun incorporations. For studying compounding and incorporation in Kallawaya, general typological features of these word formation processes as well as more language-specific criteria will be considered. That is, nominal compounds will be investigated with respect to headedness and the grammatical relation that holds between the head and the non-head component(s). Moreover, they will be classified as either root or synthetic compounds. Regarding noun incorporations, the word class and the morphological form of the incorporated element will be examined as will be the semantic relationship between the verb and its incorporated noun. In addition, the valency of the incorporating verb will also be taken into account. The questions about the semantic domain a compound or an incorporation can be attributed to as well as that about the etymological composition of a construction aim at relating compounding and incorporation to the secret Kallawaya lexicon. The proposed investigation will be the first that examines word formation processes in Kallawaya. It is therefore of relevance not only for the study of secret languages, but also from a broader typological perspective by contributing to the database on word formation.