CAREER: Experimental Investigation For the Characterization of the Geophysical Response of Rock-Fluid Interactions

这是我们国家必须从战略和全球角度思考如何利用我们星球的资源的时候。一项重要的任务是预测这种使用将导致的变化，这样我们就可以在社区蓬勃发展的同时明智地采取行动。整个地壳流体的机械和化学相互作用被认为推动了许多地质和人为过程，其后果引起了重大的社会关切，从污染地下水和地表水到引发地震活动和变形。利用地震方法进行时移监测是识别地表物性变化的一种有效方法。然而，由于缺乏基本的实验室数据，这种数据的定量解释不能可靠地预测由于热、化学和机械过程的复杂、动态相互作用而产生的变化。目前对孔隙流体变化的地震响应模型源于一种纯粹的机械方法，这种方法不足以预测物理和化学耦合变化的影响。这是一个具有挑战性的问题，因为它的复杂性和多学科性质。需要在实验构思方式上进行重大转变，以便动态跟踪岩石和流体的变化，以及它们如何相互反馈。为了取得成功，学生还需要接受跨多学科的培训，以及实验室仪器的设计和操作--这项任务本身就可能是一项任务。实验研究是科学研究不可或缺的要素，必须在当代和未来几代科学家的决策方式中发挥核心作用。因此，该项目的目标是双重的。它通过将模拟地球条件和化学机械过程的创新实验与CT扫描岩石的3D打印模型的测量和计算相结合来利用研究。该项目还旨在通过创建一个在线实验室来扩大教育机会，该实验室可以促进学习实验技术的过程，并使其内容适应高科技学生的生活方式。该虚拟实验室在形式和功能上再现了斯坦福大学的PI研究实验室，通过交互的3D动画渲染了学生可以虚拟组装和操作的地球物理实验室中使用的仪器。目标是建立必要的基础设施，使学生能够更容易地欣赏实验室系统的双重功能：了解这些系统的功能以及它们如何工作，并实际将它们用于未来的研究工作。该项目将为课堂和研究中的一系列新技术和网络能力提供肥沃的土壤，并帮助将实验室工作的复杂性转化为灵活性、参与性，并为任何人、任何地点扩大学习机会。总体目标是使在缺乏研究实验室的地学设施中教授入门实验室课程成为可能，并提高处于早期阶段或缺乏经验的学生对专业实践的认识，以便他们能够迅速投入使用，并有效地接受成为未来地球科学家的挑战。无论目标是流体处理或储存、水库的热和化学刺激，还是地热和地震孕育地区的治愈或减弱过程，实时地球物理监测正在成为一种快速控制深度过程并将数据观测转化为决策的方法。这项拟议的研究旨在提高我们对如何利用远程地球物理监测方法破译由于流体运动和岩石-流体相互作用而引起的地壳变化的基本理解。目前，由于缺乏基本的实验室数据，对四维地震数据的定量解释不能成功地预测热-化学-机械过程下的动力系统的行为。传统的实验室实验以及孔隙流体变化的地震特征模型源于纯粹的机械方法，这不足以预测反应性运输流体对岩石骨架微结构特性的影响-当流体反应并流过变形的孔隙空间时，岩石的孔隙空间发生化学机械变形。这一方案的创新之处在于通过基础科学实验和多尺度成像，将岩石的弹性性质与变形和反应输运流动相交织。拟议的研究将使用实验室实验和延时、多尺度成像来跟踪岩石在化学-机械过程中的地球化学(流体化学和流动、质量平衡、pH)和物理参数(传输和弹性性质、压力积累、溶解驱动的应变)。这项研究将通过以下方式促进我们的知识：(A)连续和同时测量化学和物理量，以在时间域中真正耦合因果关系；(B)以时间推移多尺度成像技术补充实验测量，以将地球物理可观测性的趋势与岩石中发生的空间变化相关联。该项目的教育部分利用目前的PI项目，通过为地球物理学界制作岩石物理仪器的交互式三维动画效果图，创建了一个虚拟实验室。用实际岩石模型的3D打印来补充耗时的高压/高温实验和延时成像是一种向创新工具开放研究的方式，并可能通过国内外高科技学生的技能向新的学习视角开放研究。

This is a time when our nation must think strategically, and globally, about how to use the resources of our planet. An important task is to predict the changes that this use will cause, so we can act wisely while flourishing as a community. The mechanical and chemical interactions of fluids throughout the earth's crust are believed to drive many geological and anthropogenic processes, the ramifications of which raise major societal concerns, from contaminating ground and surface water to triggering seismic activity and deformation. Time-lapse monitoring with seismic methods is an effective approach to recognize such variations in physical properties in the ground. However, quantitative interpretation of such data is not reliable for predicting changes that result from complex, dynamic interactions of thermal, chemical, and mechanical processes due to lack of fundamental laboratory data. Current models for the seismic response to pore fluid changes stem from a purely mechanical approach, which is inadequate for predicting the effects of coupled physical and chemical alterations. This is a challenging problem, because of its complexity and multi-disciplinary nature. A major shift is required in the way experiments are conceived so to dynamically track changes both in the rock and the fluid, and how they feedback upon each other. To succeed students also need to be trained across multi-disciplines as well as the design and operation of laboratory instruments-this task can be a mission by itself. Experimental investigation is an indispensable element of scientific inquiry and must play a central role in the way current and future generations of scientist make decisions. The objective of this project is thus twofold. It leverages research by integrating innovative experiments that simulate earth conditions and chemo-mechanical processes with a combination of measurements and computations on 3D printed models of CT-scanned rocks. The project also aims to broaden education opportunities through the creation of an online laboratory that can facilitate the process of learning experimental techniques and adapt its content to the high-tech student's lifestyle. The virtual laboratory reproduces in form and function the PI research laboratory at Stanford University through interactive, 3-D animated renderings of instruments used in a geophysics laboratory that students can virtually assemble and operate. The objective is to build the necessary infrastructure allowing students to appreciate more easily the dual functions of laboratory systems: learning what these systems do and how they work, and actually using them for future research endeavors. The project will provide fertile ground for a series of new technologies and cyber capabilities both in classes and research and help turn the complexity of laboratory work into dexterity, engagement, and expanded learning opportunities to anyone, anywhere. The overall goal is to make it possible to teach introductory laboratory classes in geoscience facilities lacking research laboratories and raise awareness of professional practices among early-stage or inexperienced students so that they can hit the ground running and efficiently take on the challenge of becoming future geoscientists.Whether the goal is fluid disposal or storage, the thermal and chemical stimulation of reservoirs, or healing or weakening processes across geothermal and seismogenic areas, real-time geophysical monitoring is emerging as a way to rapidly control processes at depth and turn data observations into decisions. The proposed research aims to improve our fundamental understanding of how to decipher changes in the earth's crust due to fluid movement and rock-fluid interactions using remote geophysical monitoring methods. Currently, quantitative interpretation of 4-D seismic data is not successful for predicting the behavior of dynamic systems underlying thermo-chemo-mechanical processes, because we lack fundamental laboratory data. Conventional laboratory experiments as well as models for seismic signatures of pore fluid changes stem from a purely mechanical approach, which is inadequate for predicting the effects of reactive transport fluids on the microstructural properties of the rock skeleton-the pore space of the rock deforms chemo-mechanically while the fluid reacts and flows through a deforming pore space. The innovative aspect of this proposal is to interlace the rock elastic properties with deformation and reactive transport flow through basic-science experimentation and multi-scale imaging. The proposed research will use laboratory experiments and time-lapse, multi-scale imaging to track both geochemical (fluid chemistry and flow, mass balance, pH) and physical parameters (transport and elastic properties, pressure buildup, dissolution-driven strain) in rocks during chemo-mechanical processes. This research will advance our knowledge by (a) measuring chemical and physical quantities continuously and simultaneously to truly couple cause and effect in the time domain and (b) complementing the experimental measurements with time-lapse, multi-scale imaging techniques to correlate the trends in the geophysical observables with the spatial changes occurring in the rock. The education component of the project leverages a current PI project to create a virtual laboratory through interactive, 3-D animated renderings of rock-physics instruments for the geophysics community. Complementing time-consuming high-pressure/high-temperature experiments and time-lapse imaging with the 3D printing of actual rock models is a way to open research to innovative tools, and possibly, to new learning perspectives through the skills of the high-tech students of this nation and abroad.