REU Site: Ifugao Archaeological Project

该项目得到了本科生研究经验(REU)站点计划的支持，该计划是一个NSF范围的计划，尽管每个理事会都管理着自己的REU站点竞赛。该计划支持本科生积极参与研究，努力向他们介绍科学研究，以鼓励他们继续参与国家的科学研究和开发事业。REU项目让学生以有意义的方式参与正在进行的研究项目或专门为此目的而设计的研究项目。REU计划是NSF培养多元化、具有国际竞争力和全球参与的科学和工程劳动力这一目标的主要贡献者。社会、行为和经济(SBE)科学局向加州大学洛杉矶分校授予了这笔REU遗址赠款，以加强本科生在菲律宾Ifugao的教科文组织世界遗产长期研究项目中的科学方法和分析方面的经验。这个REU项目的学生积极参与调查西班牙人抵达菲律宾北部后高原地区的经济和政治反应。作为一个REU网站，该项目从广泛的背景、家庭机构、年龄、性别和种族招募初级和高级本科生，重点是代表性不足的学生和女性学生。PI团队通过利用加州大学洛杉矶分校学术进步计划-社区大学合作中心的机构联系，努力将招聘重点放在为少数族裔服务的机构，包括社区大学。参与该项目的学生积极参与考古取回材料的研究设计、数据收集和实验室分析。学生接受考古野外方法、动植物分析、人类骨学以及文物鉴定和编目方面的强化培训。通过加州大学洛杉矶分校(牵头机构)、华盛顿大学、威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校、菲律宾大学、菲律宾国家博物馆和拯救Ifugao梯田运动公司的合作，这个REU遗址项目的学生在项目期间和项目结束后都得到了密集的指导。尽管西班牙人未能殖民菲律宾北部高地，但对Ifugao考古记录的初步分析表明，公元1600年之后发生了剧烈的景观和社会变化。为了确定西班牙殖民主义对菲律宾高原的影响，该研究项目进行了地下挖掘、空间建模，并对动物和古植物样本、文物和人类骨骼遗骸进行了分析。该研究项目调查了西班牙殖民主义在菲律宾高原地区的政治和经济影响，特别是在世界上最大的水稻梯田所在的菲律宾Ifugao的联合国教科文组织世界遗产遗址。之前的模型表明，这些水稻梯田至少有2000年的历史。然而，最近的考古信息表明，这些农业奇迹是在公元1600年西班牙人到达菲律宾北部后建造的。此外，在公元1600年之后不久，该地区发生了迅速的社会和环境变化。这项研究为我们理解西班牙殖民主义提供了另一个视角，西班牙殖民主义主要集中在美洲。由于经济和政治转型带来的变化，Ifugao水稻梯田正在迅速恶化，Ifugao人正在失去他们的物质和非物质遗产。水稻梯田是地方性的例子，Ifugao社会组织对国家组织的同化，以及给予农民的低地位，以及传统知识的迅速消失，可能会进一步导致梯田的退化。这项研究的主要目标之一是为Ifugao的遗产保护计划做出贡献，无论是物质遗产还是非物质遗产。因此，这个REU网站通过促进后代社区的直接和积极参与来吸引社区。该项目还帮助建立了一个社区博物馆和现场博物馆，以补充土著文化和历史课程的发展。此外，该项目旨在鼓励本科生攻读与STEM相关的和人类学研究生课程。NSF国际科学与工程(ISE)计划共同资助了这个REU站点项目。

This project is supported under the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Sites program, which is an NSF-wide program although each Directorate administers its own REU Site competition. This program supports active research participation by undergraduate students in an effort to introduce them to scientific research so as to encourage their continued engagement in the nation's scientific research and development enterprise. REU projects involve students in meaningful ways in ongoing research programs or in research projects designed especially for the purpose. The REU program is a major contributor to the NSF's goal of developing a diverse, internationally competitive, and globally-engaged science and engineering workforce. The Social, Behavioral and Economic (SBE) sciences Directorate awarded this REU Site grant to the University of California-Los Angeles in order to enhance undergraduate experience in scientific methods and analyses in a long-term research project at the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ifugao, Philippines. Students in this REU program are actively involved in investigating highland economic and political responses to the arrival of the Spanish in the northern Philippines. As an REU Site, the project recruits junior- and senior-level undergraduates from a wide-range of backgrounds, home institutions, ages, gender, and ethnicity, with emphasis on under-represented and female students. The PI-team strives to focus the recruitment on minority-serving institutions, including community colleges, by utilizing the institutional connections of the UCLA Academic Advancement Program-Center for Community College Partnerships. Students participating in the project are actively involved in the research design, data collection, and laboratory analysis of archaeologically retrieved materials. Students receive intensive training in archaeological field methods, faunal and botanical analyses, human osteology, and, artifact identification and cataloguing. Through the collaboration between UCLA (lead institution), University of Washington, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Philippines, the National Museum of the Philippines, and the Save the Ifugao Terraces Movement, Inc., students in this REU Site program receive intensive mentorship during and after the program.Although the Spanish failed to colonize the northern Philippine highlands, preliminary analysis of the archaeological record from Ifugao suggests drastic landscape and social transformations ensued after c. AD 1600. To determine the impacts of Spanish colonialism in highland Philippines, this research program conducts subsurface excavations, spatial modeling, and analyses of faunal and paleobotanical samples, artifacts, and human osteolical remains. The research program investigates the political and economic impacts of Spanish colonialism in highland Philippines, particularly, in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ifugao, Philippines, where the most extensive rice terraces in the world are located. Previous models suggest that the rice terraces are at least 2,000 years old. Recent archaeological information, however, indicates that the agricultural marvels were constructed after the arrival of the Spanish in the northern Philippines at c. AD 1600. In addition, rapid social and environmental change occurred in the region shortly after AD 1600. This research provides another perspective to our understanding of Spanish colonialism, which has largely focused on the Americas. The Ifugao rice terraces are rapidly deteriorating and the Ifugao people are losing both their tangible and intangible heritage to changes brought about by economic and political transformations. The rice terraces are examples of landesque and the assimilation of Ifugao social organization to that of the state together with the low status given to farmers and the rapid disappearance of traditional knowledge could further spell degradation of the terraces. One of the overarching goals of this study is to contribute to heritage conservation programs in Ifugao, in both tangible and intangible heritage. As such, this REU Site engages the community by promoting direct and active participation of descendant communities. The project also helps with the establishment of a community museum and on-site museum to complement the development of indigenous culture and history curriculum. In addition, this program aims to encourage undergraduate students to pursue STEM-related and anthropology graduate studies. The NSF International Science and Engineering (ISE) program co-funds this REU Site project.