EAPSI:Investigating Magma Ascent Rates and Eruption Styles at Kîlauea Volcano Using Diffusion Modeling of Element Zoning in Olivine Crystals

现代夏威夷卡波劳亚火山的活动主要是喷出的熔岩流和壮观的喷泉事件。然而，最近的研究揭示了火山爆发的历史，导致火山山顶附近大量夏威夷人死亡。与现代火山活动相比，这些火山爆发有很大的不同，现代火山活动使科布劳厄火山看起来像是一座相对安全、安静的火山。为了了解和预测像Kampallauea这样的玄武质火山的火山喷发频率和风格，了解岩浆在火山内停留的时间是至关重要的。这项工作将使用最常见的矿物的化学成分，从Kampillauea（橄榄石），以确定如何快速岩浆上升到表面的爆炸与喷涌式喷发。比较不同喷发类型的岩浆储存历史，将有助于了解Keslauea的岩浆管道系统的长期演变。最重要的是，这项工作将解决如何以及何时可能发生危险的爆炸性喷发。这项研究将在南洋理工大学与Fidel Costa Rodriguez博士合作进行，他是一位利用橄榄石化学计算世界各地火山岩浆停留时间的领先研究人员。该项目旨在（1）利用最近的喷发来描述Kellauea两个山顶水库的岩浆停留时间，（2）通过比较喷溢和爆发的扩散历史，评价橄榄石停留时间与喷发类型之间的关系。橄榄石晶体的主要和次要（电子探针），加上痕量（激光烧蚀质谱法）元素分析，结合晶体取向（电子背散射衍射），将被用作模型输入，以计算橄榄石在不同风格和化学成分的喷发中的停留时间。将使用有限差分扩散建模方案确定时间尺度。火山的影响将加强对夏威夷火山动态性质的理解。这个NSF EAPSI奖是与新加坡国家研究基金会合作资助的。

Modern activity at Kîlauea Volcano (Hawai'i) has been dominated by effusive lava flows and spectacular fountaining events. However, recent work reveals a history of explosive eruptions, which killed large numbers of Hawaiians near the volcano's summit. These eruptions were drastically different compared to modern activity that has made Kîlauea seem like a relatively safe, quiet volcano. To understand and predict the frequency and style of volcanic eruptions at basaltic volcanoes like Kîlauea, knowing the amount of time magma resides within the volcano is crucial. This work will use the chemical composition of the most common mineral from Kîlauea (olivine) to determine how quickly magma ascends to the surface for explosive versus effusive eruptions. Comparing magma storage histories for different eruption types will contribute to understanding the long-term evolution of Kîlauea's magmatic plumbing system. Most importantly, this work will address how and when hazardous explosive eruptions can occur. The study will be conducted at Nanyang Technological University in collaboration with Dr. Fidel Costa Rodriguez, a leading researcher using olivine chemistry to calculate magma residence times at volcanoes around the world.This project aims to (1) characterize magma residence times for two summit reservoirs at Kîlauea using recent effusive eruptions, and (2) evaluate the relationship between olivine residence time and eruption style by comparing diffusion histories from effusive and explosive eruptions. Major and minor (electron microprobe), plus trace (laser ablation mass spectrometry) element analyses of olivine crystals, in combination with crystallographic orientations (electron backscatter diffraction), will be used as model inputs to calculate residence times of olivine in eruptions of different styles and chemistries. Timescales will be determined using a finite difference diffusion modelling scheme. The volcanic implications will enhance understanding of the dynamic nature of Hawaiian volcanoes. This NSF EAPSI award is funded in collaboration with the National Research Foundation of Singapore.