EAPSI:Investigating Magma Ascent Rates and Eruption Styles at Kîlauea Volcano Using Diffusion Modeling of Element Zoning in Olivine Crystals

克劳厄火山(夏威夷)的现代活动一直以喷涌的熔岩流和壮观的喷泉活动为主。然而，最近的研究揭示了一段爆炸性喷发的历史，在火山顶端附近导致大量夏威夷人死亡。这些喷发与现代活动截然不同，现代活动使克劳厄火山看起来像是一座相对安全、安静的火山。要了解和预测像克劳厄火山这样的玄武岩火山喷发的频率和类型，了解岩浆在火山中停留的时间是至关重要的。这项工作将使用Külauea(橄榄石)中最常见的矿物的化学成分来确定岩浆上升到地表的爆炸性喷发与喷涌喷发的速度。比较不同喷发类型的岩浆储存史，有助于了解克劳厄火山岩浆管道系统的长期演化。最重要的是，这项工作将解决如何以及何时发生危险的爆炸性喷发的问题。这项研究将由南洋理工大学与菲德尔·科斯塔·罗德里格斯博士合作进行，菲德尔·科斯塔·罗德里格斯博士是使用橄榄石化学计算世界各地火山的岩浆停留时间的领军人物。该项目旨在(1)利用最近喷发的喷发来表征克劳厄两个顶峰水库的岩浆停留时间，以及(2)通过比较喷发和喷发的扩散历史来评估橄榄石停留时间和喷发方式之间的关系。橄榄石晶体的主要和次要(电子探针)和微量(激光烧蚀质谱学)元素分析，结合晶体取向(电子背散射衍射)，将被用作模型输入，以计算橄榄石在不同类型和化学作用的喷发中的停留时间。时间尺度将使用有限差分扩散模拟方案来确定。火山的影响将加强对夏威夷火山动态性质的理解。该NSF EAPSI奖是与新加坡国家研究基金会合作资助的。

Modern activity at Kîlauea Volcano (Hawai'i) has been dominated by effusive lava flows and spectacular fountaining events. However, recent work reveals a history of explosive eruptions, which killed large numbers of Hawaiians near the volcano's summit. These eruptions were drastically different compared to modern activity that has made Kîlauea seem like a relatively safe, quiet volcano. To understand and predict the frequency and style of volcanic eruptions at basaltic volcanoes like Kîlauea, knowing the amount of time magma resides within the volcano is crucial. This work will use the chemical composition of the most common mineral from Kîlauea (olivine) to determine how quickly magma ascends to the surface for explosive versus effusive eruptions. Comparing magma storage histories for different eruption types will contribute to understanding the long-term evolution of Kîlauea's magmatic plumbing system. Most importantly, this work will address how and when hazardous explosive eruptions can occur. The study will be conducted at Nanyang Technological University in collaboration with Dr. Fidel Costa Rodriguez, a leading researcher using olivine chemistry to calculate magma residence times at volcanoes around the world.This project aims to (1) characterize magma residence times for two summit reservoirs at Kîlauea using recent effusive eruptions, and (2) evaluate the relationship between olivine residence time and eruption style by comparing diffusion histories from effusive and explosive eruptions. Major and minor (electron microprobe), plus trace (laser ablation mass spectrometry) element analyses of olivine crystals, in combination with crystallographic orientations (electron backscatter diffraction), will be used as model inputs to calculate residence times of olivine in eruptions of different styles and chemistries. Timescales will be determined using a finite difference diffusion modelling scheme. The volcanic implications will enhance understanding of the dynamic nature of Hawaiian volcanoes. This NSF EAPSI award is funded in collaboration with the National Research Foundation of Singapore.