EAPSI:Investigating Magma Ascent Rates and Eruption Styles at Kîlauea Volcano Using Diffusion Modeling of Element Zoning in Olivine Crystals

k<s:1>劳厄火山（夏威夷）的现代活动主要是喷出的熔岩流和壮观的喷泉事件。然而，最近的研究揭示了火山爆发的历史，火山爆发导致大量夏威夷人在山顶附近丧生。这些喷发与现代火山活动截然不同，现代火山活动使k<s:1>劳埃亚火山看起来相对安全、安静。要了解和预测像k<s:1>劳埃亚火山这样的玄武岩火山喷发的频率和风格，了解岩浆在火山内停留的时间至关重要。这项工作将使用k<s:1> lauea（橄榄石）中最常见的矿物的化学成分来确定岩浆上升到地表的速度是爆炸性喷发还是喷涌式喷发。比较不同喷发类型的岩浆储存历史将有助于了解k<s:1>劳埃亚岩浆管道系统的长期演化。最重要的是，这项工作将解决如何以及何时发生危险的爆炸性喷发。这项研究将在南洋理工大学与菲德尔·科斯塔·罗德里格斯博士合作进行。罗德里格斯博士是一位领先的研究人员，他使用橄榄石化学来计算世界各地火山的岩浆停留时间。本项目旨在(1)利用最近的喷涌喷发特征来表征k<e:1> lauea两个山顶储层的岩浆停留时间；(2)通过比较喷涌喷发和爆炸喷发的扩散历史来评价橄榄石停留时间与喷发风格之间的关系。主要和次级（电子探针），加上痕量（激光烧蚀质谱）元素分析的橄榄石晶体，结合晶体取向（电子背散射衍射），将被用作模型输入，以计算橄榄石在不同类型和化学喷发中的停留时间。时间尺度将使用有限差分扩散建模方案确定。火山的影响将加强对夏威夷火山动态性质的理解。该奖项由美国国家科学基金会与新加坡国家研究基金会共同资助。

Modern activity at Kîlauea Volcano (Hawai'i) has been dominated by effusive lava flows and spectacular fountaining events. However, recent work reveals a history of explosive eruptions, which killed large numbers of Hawaiians near the volcano's summit. These eruptions were drastically different compared to modern activity that has made Kîlauea seem like a relatively safe, quiet volcano. To understand and predict the frequency and style of volcanic eruptions at basaltic volcanoes like Kîlauea, knowing the amount of time magma resides within the volcano is crucial. This work will use the chemical composition of the most common mineral from Kîlauea (olivine) to determine how quickly magma ascends to the surface for explosive versus effusive eruptions. Comparing magma storage histories for different eruption types will contribute to understanding the long-term evolution of Kîlauea's magmatic plumbing system. Most importantly, this work will address how and when hazardous explosive eruptions can occur. The study will be conducted at Nanyang Technological University in collaboration with Dr. Fidel Costa Rodriguez, a leading researcher using olivine chemistry to calculate magma residence times at volcanoes around the world.This project aims to (1) characterize magma residence times for two summit reservoirs at Kîlauea using recent effusive eruptions, and (2) evaluate the relationship between olivine residence time and eruption style by comparing diffusion histories from effusive and explosive eruptions. Major and minor (electron microprobe), plus trace (laser ablation mass spectrometry) element analyses of olivine crystals, in combination with crystallographic orientations (electron backscatter diffraction), will be used as model inputs to calculate residence times of olivine in eruptions of different styles and chemistries. Timescales will be determined using a finite difference diffusion modelling scheme. The volcanic implications will enhance understanding of the dynamic nature of Hawaiian volcanoes. This NSF EAPSI award is funded in collaboration with the National Research Foundation of Singapore.