EAPSI: Diversity and Evolution of Gyroporus, a Globally Distributed Group of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Gyroporus是外生菌根真菌的一个属，在除南极洲以外的每个主要大陆都有代表。这些真菌与世界各地的一系列植物物种相互关联，包括松树、山毛榉和桃金娘科的成员。这些共生是必不可少的生态系统特征；考虑到物种加速灭绝和范围转移，了解它们的起源和地理是至关重要的。除了在世界各地的森林中作为共生体外，Gyroporus物种作为野生食用菌是重要的。虽然大多数种类是可食用的，但目前已知至少有一种是有毒的，这强调了对这一群体进行仔细系统研究的必要性。尽管有很长的正式承认历史，但Gyroporus内部的重要细节尚未得到阐明。这主要是因为许多分类群代表了广泛的物种复合体，拥有半隐蔽的谱系。为了解决这个问题，将使用分类学和系统发育学相结合的方法来检查物种限制并推断群体内的关系。日本是进行这项研究的理想地点，因为该国拥有多种Gyroporus物种，包括鲜为人知的和特有的物种。野外、实验室和植物标本室的工作将在国立自然科学博物馆真菌学家Kentaro Hosaka博士的指导下进行。形态分类学数据将从从野外采集的标本和已经保存在日本植物标本室的标本的原始研究中提取。蛋白质编码位点将被强调用于系统发育研究。即利用核基因rpb2和线粒体基因atp6。核基因tef1也将用于选择标本，以允许发散时间估计。这些数据将与任何公开可用的DNA序列和主要研究者已经生成的初步数据一起进行分析。系统发育分析将进一步阐明回旋螺的多样性，并有助于物种界限的评估。系统发生学也将有助于评估生物地理学假设，例如关于Gyroporus的时间和地理起源的建议，外生菌根伙伴关系的演变，以及分散-迁移情景。此外，本研究还将选取其他外生菌根真菌的样本进行比较研究。NSF EAPSI奖是与日本科学促进会合作资助的。

Gyroporus is a genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi with representatives on every major continent except Antarctica. These fungi mutualistically associate with an array of plant species around the world, including members of the pine, beech, and myrtle familiesThese symbioses are essential ecosystem features; understanding their origins and geography is crucial given accelerated species extinction and range shifts. In addition to functioning as symbionts in forests worldwide, Gyroporus species are important as wild edible mushrooms. Though most of the species are edible, at least one is currently known to be toxic, underscoring the need for careful systematic studies in this group. Despite a long history of formal recognition, significant details within Gyroporus have yet to be elucidated. This is primarily because many of the taxa represent widespread species complexes, harboring semi-cryptic lineages. To address this problem, a combined taxonomic and phylogenetic approach will be used to examine species limits and infer relationships within the group. Japan is an ideal landscape for this research, as the country harbors a diverse set of Gyroporus species, including poorly known and endemic species. Field, laboratory, and herbarium work will be conducted with advisement from Dr. Kentaro Hosaka, mycologist at the National Museum of Nature and Science.Morphotaxonomic data will be drawn from original study of specimens collected from the field and those already housed in Japanese herbaria. Protein-coding loci will be emphasized for phylogenetic studies. Namely, the nuclear gene rpb2 and the mitochondrial gene atp6 will be utilized. The nuclear gene tef1 will also be used for select specimens to allow for divergence time estimation. These data will be analyzed in tandem with any publicly available DNA sequences and preliminary data already generated by the principal investigator. Phylogenetic analyses will further elucidate Gyroporus diversity and facilitate the assessment of species limits. Phylogenies will also aid in the evaluation of biogeographic hypotheses, such as proposals regarding the temporal and geographic origin of Gyroporus, the evolution of ectomycorrhizal partnerships, and dispersal-vicariance scenarios. Additionally, select exemplars of other ectomycorrhizal Boletales will be included in these analyses for comparative study. This NSF EAPSI award is funded in collaboration with the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.