CNH-L: A Telecoupling Model to Account for Spatial Subsidies of Ecosystem Services Provided by Transboundary Migratory Species in North America

许多迁徙物种为人类提供利益，这被称为生态系统服务。迁徙物种提供的生态系统服务的一个例子是蝙蝠对害虫的消耗，这将对作物的损害和农业损失降至最低。另一个例子是观鸟和猎杀针尾鸭，这为人们提供了娱乐机会。迁徙物种一年中的部分时间会跨越一个地理范围，这往往跨越了政治边界。迁徙物种可能会给某些地区的人们带来比其他地区更多的好处。此外，迁徙物种可能会从其活动范围内特定地区的栖息地获得比其他地区更大的好处。这可能会导致物种提供利益的地区和接受支持的地区之间的不匹配。这种不匹配被称为空间补贴。简而言之，栖息地为迁徙物种提供最大好处的地区是对人们获得大部分物种好处的地区进行补贴。这可能导致不平等--补贴物种地区的人与受益地区的人之间的不平等--并给野生动物管理和栖息地保护带来困难。该项目将审查一种典型迁徙物种：北方细尾鸭(Anas Acuta)的空间补贴。针尾鱼是观鸟、运动和自给自足(食物)狩猎的重要物种。先前的研究表明，加拿大和美国大陆北部的繁殖栖息地为加州和其他地方的观鸟和捕猎针尾鱼提供了补贴。这表明，持续的针尾捕猎和娱乐活动依赖于该物种繁殖栖息地的保护。这项研究将开发一个模型来计算迁徙物种：北方针尾鱼的自然-人类耦合系统的空间补贴。研究人员将测量空间补贴的模型值可能如何影响北美耦合系统中与迁徙物种相关的决策。该模型将整合四个相互补充的组成部分：(1)生境分布子模型；(2)生境依赖子模型；(3)生态系统服务子模型，它(A)评估生态系统服务，(B)评估空间补贴，(C)向决策者提供服务和空间补贴影响的模拟情景，以确定它们可能如何改变土地使用和养护行动以应对这些变化，这在(4)“变化的驱动因素”子模型中进行了模拟。变化的两个驱动力被考虑：土地使用的变化，以及社会对其服务需求的变化。最后，该项目还将对机构和非政府组织决策者进行调查，以确定他们在资源管理决策中可能在多大程度上利用空间补贴信息，并就空间补贴概念如何支持关于迁徙物种的国际协定的目标进行政策分析。

Many migratory species provide benefits to humans, which are called ecosystem services. An example of an ecosystem service provided by a migratory species is the consumption of insect pests by bats, which minimizes crop damage and agricultural losses. Another example is bird watching and hunting of pintail ducks, which provides people with recreational opportunities. Migratory species spend parts of the year across a geographic range, which often spans political boundaries. Migratory species might provide more benefits to people in certain regions than in others. Additionally, migratory species might receive greater benefits from habitats in particular areas within their range than from others. This could cause a mismatch between the areas where a species provides the benefits and the areas from which it receives support. This mismatch is called a spatial subsidy. Simply put, areas with habitat that provide the greatest benefit to migratory species are subsidizing areas where people receive most of the species' benefits. This can lead to an inequality - between people in areas that subsidize the species versus people in areas that receive the benefits - and to difficulties for wildlife management and habitat protection. This project will examine the spatial subsidies of an exemplary migratory species: Northern Pintail ducks (Anas acuta). Pintails are an important species for bird watching, sports, and subsistence (food) hunting. Previous studies indicate that breeding habitat in Canada and in the northern continental United States subsidize bird watching and hunting of pintails in California and elsewhere. This suggests that continued pintail hunting and recreational activities are dependent on the conservation of the species' breeding habitats. This research will develop a model to calculate spatial subsidies in the coupled natural-human systems of the migratory species: Northern Pintails. Researchers will measure how modeled values of spatial subsidies may influence decision-making related to migratory species in coupled systems in North America. This model will integrate four components that feed into one another: (1) a Habitat Distribution sub-model; (2) a Habitat Dependence sub-model; (3) an Ecosystem Services sub-model, which (a) valuates ecosystem services, (b) assesses spatial subsidies, and (c) provides decision-makers with modeled scenarios of impacts on services and spatial subsidies to identify how they might alter land-use and conservation actions in response, which is modeled in (4), the Drivers of Change sub-model. Two drivers of change are considered: land-use change, and change in the societal demand for their services. Finally, this project will also survey agency and NGO decision-makers to determine the degree to which they might use spatial subsidies information in resource management decisions, and conduct a policy analysis of how the spatial subsidies concept might support the objectives of international agreements on migratory species.