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Anthropogenic Landscape Effects And Social Organization Of Food Foraging And Production In A Variable Environment

可变环境下食物采集和生产的人为景观效应和社会组织

基本信息

批准号：
1524079
负责人：
Karen Schollmeyer
金额：
$ 12.04万
依托单位：
Archaeology Southwest
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2015-08-15 至 2019-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1524079&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Anthropogenic Landscape Effects Social Organization

项目摘要

Understanding how people acquire food and maintain food security under changing social and environmental conditions has important implications for both understanding past human societies and exploring ways for contemporary societies to maintain access to food supplies. Archaeological datasets are ideal for examining this issue, providing a record of the foods people ate and how access to those foods changed at a scale of many centuries. Over time, prehistoric populations increase or decrease; average precipitation and temperatures vary; the agricultural crops available for planting change; and the abundance of wild plants and animals vary in response to hunting, harvesting, and climate variation. Prehistoric people responded to those changes by adapting their methods of acquiring food, by moving together into large villages or dispersing to small settlements, and by migrating to new locations. By studying prehistoric cases, archaeologists can identify techniques that worked well for sustaining villages and communities during lean years and for taking advantage of favorable conditions. Importantly, archaeologists can also identify techniques that failed to sustain communities during periods of food stress. This information is potentially valuable for modern communities and government agencies planning for economic, climate, or other stresses that affect food availability. For example, knowing how people integrate obscure wild foods into agricultural production systems during lean years may provide useful analogs for public planning at the community, state or regional level to promote community, population, and political stability in times of crisis. The results of this study will interest researchers in many fields investigating ways of maintaining food security in the face of changing climate conditions and shifting human populations. This research will assess changes in farming and foraging in relation to three major issues. First, it will examine evidence for increased effort and dependence on agriculture from multiple prehistoric archaeological sites and time periods. Researchers will then use this information to examine how changes in human population levels and investment in agriculture affected timber, food plant, and game animal species availability in the areas around prehistoric settlements, including how negatively impacted species may have recovered during periods of human population decline. Finally, the project will examine how household specialization in farming crops or foraging for wild resources varied in relation to village size, agricultural intensification, and changes in wild resource availability. Data will come from charred food plant remains, wood charcoal, and animal bone from 80 previously-excavated prehistoric archaeological sites in southwestern New Mexico spanning the period from A.D. 150 to1400. Some of the data will be obtained from unpublished manuscripts containing analyses not widely available until now. In addition, 335 previously unanalyzed flotation samples and 8 previously unanalyzed animal bone assemblages from older excavations will be analyzed. Systematically examining data from numerous sites and a long time period will provide new insights on how people?s activities influence the food resources available to them, including identifying ways of acquiring food that were stable for long periods. The results will be important for archaeologists and for scientists and policymakers interested in food security and sustainable development.

了解人们如何在不断变化的社会和环境条件下获得粮食和维持粮食安全，对于理解过去的人类社会和探索当代社会维持粮食供应的途径具有重要意义。考古数据集是研究这一问题的理想选择，提供了人们食用的食物的记录，以及这些食物的获取方式在许多世纪的规模上发生了怎样的变化。随着时间的推移，史前人口增加或减少；平均降雨量和温度变化；可用于种植的农作物变化；野生动植物的丰富度随着狩猎、收获和气候变化而变化。史前人类对这些变化的反应是调整他们获取食物的方法，一起搬到大村庄或分散到小定居点，并迁移到新的地点。通过研究史前案例，考古学家可以确定在不景气的年份很好地维持村庄和社区并利用有利条件的技术。重要的是，考古学家还可以识别在食物紧张时期未能维持群落生存的技术。这些信息对现代社区和政府机构规划经济、气候或其他影响食品供应的压力具有潜在价值。例如，了解人们如何在不景气的年份将鲜为人知的野生食物整合到农业生产系统中，可能会为社区、州或地区层面的公共规划提供有用的类比，以在危机时期促进社区、人口和政治稳定。这项研究的结果将使许多领域的研究人员感兴趣，这些领域正在研究如何在气候条件变化和人口流动的情况下保持粮食安全。这项研究将评估与三个主要问题有关的农业和牧业的变化。首先，它将研究多个史前考古遗址和时期对农业的努力和依赖程度增加的证据。然后，研究人员将利用这些信息来研究人类人口水平和农业投资的变化如何影响史前聚落周围地区的木材、食用植物和狩猎动物物种的可获得性，包括在人类人口下降期间，受负面影响的物种可能如何恢复。最后，该项目将研究家庭种植农作物或寻找野生资源的专业性如何随着村庄规模、农业集约化和野生资源可获得性的变化而变化。数据将来自新墨西哥州西南部80个先前出土的史前考古遗址的烧焦的食物植物遗骸、木炭和动物骨骼，时间跨度从公元150年到1400年。其中一些数据将从包含分析的未出版手稿中获得，这些分析到目前为止还没有广泛获得。此外，还将分析335个以前未分析过的浮选样本和8个先前未分析过的较早发掘的动物骨骼组合。系统地研究来自众多地点和长时间的数据将为人们提供新的见解？S的活动如何影响他们可以获得的食物资源，包括确定获得长期稳定的食物的方法。这一结果将对考古学家以及对粮食安全和可持续发展感兴趣的科学家和政策制定者具有重要意义。