ELT Collaborative Research: Perturbation of the Marine Food Web and Extinction During the Oceanic Anoxic Event at the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary

ELT合作研究：在Cenomanian/Turonian边界的海洋性浮游生物事件期间海洋食物网的扰动和灭绝，由Timothy Bralower，宾夕法尼亚州立大学，P.A. -1338316布拉德利·萨格曼，西北大学，P.A. -1338312 R。马克·莱基，马萨诸塞州大学，阿默斯特，邮编：1338317胡里奥·塞普尔韦达，麻省理工学院，邮编：1338318摘要由于气候变暖和污染，缺氧沃茨的扩张，即缺氧，正在墨西哥湾等地季节性地发生。 缺氧可以通过栖息地的丧失、捕食者-被捕食者动态的变化以及初级生产所需营养的可用性来影响所有海洋生物。人为二氧化碳输入造成的海洋酸化已经影响到许多生物生长贝壳的能力。 地质记录包含一系列自然实验，使我们能够解决生物群对海洋酸化和普遍缺氧的生物反应。森诺曼-土伦界线（9400万年前白垩纪中期）是一个以大规模灭绝为标志的时间间隔，其特征也是全球缺氧和可能的海洋酸化。 因此，Cenomanian-Turonian边界是人类活动对海洋生态系统影响的一个很好的古代模型。 一个极好的机会存在，以探索缺氧和海洋酸化的影响，在森诺曼-图伦边界的岩石露头从西部和南部边缘的美国西部内陆海道。 在犹他州，岩石中含有原始的菊石文石以及大型海洋爬行动物的遗骸。 在得克萨斯州，英国石油公司提供了一个独特的核心和独家进入露头部分。 对露出地面的岩石进行反铲挖掘，将发掘出适合于利用地质代用指标重建古代环境条件的原始贝壳化石，取芯将提供可供研究的岩石，以确定几个世纪以来发生的变化。从化学和生物技术评估中获得的见解可以应用于地球历史上其他生物剧变时期，并将有助于改善对人类活动（包括缺氧和海洋酸化）对现代生态系统影响的预测。

ELT Collaborative Research: Perturbation of the Marine Food Web andExtinction during the Oceanic Anoxic Event at the Cenomanian/TuronianBoundarybyTimothy Bralower, Penn State University, EAR-1338316Bradley Sageman, Northwestern University, EAR-1338312R. Mark Leckie, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, EAR-1338317Julio Sepulveda, MIT, EAR-1338318ABSTRACTThe expansion of oxygen-deficient waters, known as hypoxia, is occurring seasonally in places such as the Gulf of Mexico as a result of warming and pollution. Hypoxia can affect all marine organisms through the loss of habitat, changes in predator-prey dynamics, and availability of nutrients for primary production. Ocean acidification resulting from the input of anthropogenic CO2 is already impacting the ability of many organisms to grow shells. The geological record contains a series of natural experiments that allow us to address the biological response of the biota to ocean acidification and widespread oxygen deficiency. The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary (94 million years ago in the middle of the Cretaceous Period), a time interval marked by mass extinction, was also characterized by global oxygen deficiency and likely ocean acidification. Thus, the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary is an excellent ancient model for the impact of anthropogenic activities on marine ecosystems. A superb opportunity exits to explore the impact of oxygen deficiency and ocean acidification during the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in rock outcrops from the western and southern margins of the US Western Interior Seaway. In Utah, rocks contain original ammonite aragonite as well as remains of large marine reptiles. In Texas, British Petroleum has made available a unique core and exclusive access to outcrop sections. Back-hoeing of rock outcrops will unearth pristine fossil shells suitable for reconstruction of ancient environmental conditions using geological proxies, and coring will provide rocks that can be studied to determine changes that took place over centuries. The insight gained from the CTB can be applied to other intervals of biotic upheaval in Earth history and will help improve projections of the impacts of human activities, including hypoxia and ocean acidification, on modern ecosystems.