CPS: Synergy: Architecture for Future Distribution Systems Including Active Consumers with Rooftop Solar Generation

在过去的十年中，电力系统发生了许多变化，包括可再生能源发电，电动汽车和智能电网传感，通信和控制新技术的渗透。这些变化的最大影响体现在消费者层面。消费者和终端设备以动态和互动的方式购买和销售能源及相关服务的能力预计将创造一个交易型能源市场，正如GridWise Alliance 2014年12月报告所强调的那样。 对物理系统进行建模和准备，以响应网络基础设施上活跃用户的某种不可预测的行为，这对于保持电网可靠性至关重要。 了解这些活跃的消费者对配电公用事业的运营和业务政策的影响，需要在核心系统科学，跨越电力工程，经济学，统计信号处理，博弈论，分布式控制，多代理系统和网络安全领域的进步。与工业合作伙伴一起，Westar Energy（堪萨斯最大的电力公司）和堪萨斯城电力和照明公司，PI计划开发一种架构，该架构对配电系统的现有投资几乎没有变化，同时允许动态自适应控制，将活跃的消费者与当前和未来的高可变性分布式电源组合相结合，例如光伏（PV）发电机和蓄电池。 与先前的相关努力，主要集中在需求响应和分布式发电管理与一个单一的家庭/用户为中心的方法，所提出的方法需要一个整体的系统的角度来看，包括累积建模的多个随机活跃的消费者和网络基础设施，他们可能会相互作用。 具体的研究重点包括：（1）基于合子多代理原理的通用、可扩展和安全的网络架构，其提供了通向配电系统中的交易能量市场的新兴领域的途径，而且还为具有活跃消费者的其他工程系统提供了基础;（2）对消费者对真实的]反应的广义随机建模的新的分析见解电力的时间价格和这种活跃的消费者对电网的可靠性和安全性的影响，以及（3）用于具有活跃消费者和分布式可再生资源的高渗透率的配电系统的综合分布式控制和管理的新方法。 活跃的消费者是智慧城市愿景的一个组成部分，在智慧城市中，网络系统被集成到交通、能源、医疗保健和生物医学以及关键基础设施系统中。该项目的成功完成将导致建模，控制，分析和仿真架构，为所有这些活跃的消费者驱动的CPS域。由此带来的运营效率、经济性、可靠性和安全性方面的收益将为社会带来整体福利。

Power systems have seen many changes over the last decade including the increased penetration of renewable generation, electric vehicles and new technologies for sensing, communication and control of a Smart Grid. The most significant impact of these changes are being felt at the consumer level. The ability for consumers and end devices to buy and sell energy and related services in a dynamic and interactive manner is expected to create a transactive energy market as highlighted in the Dec 2014 report of GridWise Alliance. Modeling and preparing the physical system to respond to the somewhat unpredictable behavior of active consumers over a cyber-infrastructure will be critical for maintaining grid reliability. Understanding the impact of such active consumers on the operational and business policies of the distribution utility requires advances in core system science that spans the areas of power engineering, economics, statistical signal processing, game theory, distributed control, multi-agent systems and cyber security. In conjunction with industrial partners, Westar Energy (the largest electric company in Kansas) and Kansas City Power and Light, the PIs plan to develop an architecture that requires little change to the existing investment in power distribution systems while allowing for the dynamic, adaptive control required to integrate active consumers with current and future combinations of high-variability distributed power sources, such as Photo-voltaic (PV) generators and storage batteries. In contrast to prior related efforts that primarily focus on demand response and distributed generation management with a single home/user centric approach, the proposed approach takes a holistic system perspective that includes cumulative modeling of multiple stochastic active consumers and the cyber infrastructure over which they may interact. Specific research thrusts include: (1) a general, extensible, and secure cyber architecture based on holonic multi-agent principles that provides a pathway to the emerging area of transactive energy market in power distribution systems, but also provides foundation for other engineered systems with active consumers; (2) new analytical insights into generalized stochastic modeling of consumer response to real]time price of electricity and the impact of such active consumers on grid reliability and security, and (3) novel methodology for comprehensive distributed control and management of power distribution systems with active consumers and high penetration of distributed renewable resources. Active consumers are an integral part of the Smart City vision where cyber systems are integrated into the transportation, energy, healthcare and biomedical, and critical infrastructure systems. Successful completion of this project will result in modeling, control, analysis and simulation architectures for all such active consumer driven CPS domains. The resulting gains in operating efficiency, economics, reliability and security will result in overall welfare for the society.