CPS: Synergy: Architecture for Future Distribution Systems Including Active Consumers with Rooftop Solar Generation

在过去十年中，电力系统发生了许多变化，包括可再生能源发电、电动汽车和智能电网传感、通信和控制新技术的普及。这些变化最显著的影响体现在消费者层面。正如GridWise Alliance在2014年12月的报告中所强调的那样，消费者和终端设备以动态和互动的方式买卖能源和相关服务的能力有望创造一个互动性的能源市场。对物理系统进行建模和准备，以响应网络基础设施上活跃用户的一些不可预测的行为，这对于维持电网的可靠性至关重要。了解这些活跃消费者对配电公用事业运营和商业政策的影响需要核心系统科学的进步，这些科学跨越了电力工程、经济学、统计信号处理、博弈论、分布式控制、多代理系统和网络安全等领域。通过与工业合作伙伴weststar Energy（堪萨斯州最大的电力公司）和Kansas City Power and Light的合作，pi计划开发一种架构，该架构对现有配电系统的投资几乎没有改变，同时允许动态、自适应控制，将活跃用户与当前和未来的高可变性分布式电源（如光伏（PV）发电机和蓄电池）组合集成在一起。与先前主要关注需求响应和以单个家庭/用户为中心的分布式发电管理的相关工作相反，该方法采用了整体系统视角，包括多个随机活跃消费者和他们可能交互的网络基础设施的累积建模。具体的研究重点包括：(1)基于全息多智能体原理的通用、可扩展和安全的网络架构，为配电系统中新兴的交易能源市场领域提供了途径，同时也为其他具有活跃消费者的工程系统提供了基础；(2)对消费者对实时电价响应的广义随机建模以及此类活跃消费者对电网可靠性和安全性的影响的新分析见解；(3)对具有活跃消费者和分布式可再生资源高渗透率的配电系统的综合分布式控制和管理的新方法。在智慧城市愿景中，网络系统被集成到交通、能源、医疗保健和生物医学以及关键基础设施系统中，活跃的消费者是其中不可或缺的一部分。该项目的成功完成将为所有这些活跃的消费者驱动的CPS领域提供建模、控制、分析和仿真体系结构。由此带来的运行效率、经济性、可靠性和安全性的提高将为社会带来整体福利。

Power systems have seen many changes over the last decade including the increased penetration of renewable generation, electric vehicles and new technologies for sensing, communication and control of a Smart Grid. The most significant impact of these changes are being felt at the consumer level. The ability for consumers and end devices to buy and sell energy and related services in a dynamic and interactive manner is expected to create a transactive energy market as highlighted in the Dec 2014 report of GridWise Alliance. Modeling and preparing the physical system to respond to the somewhat unpredictable behavior of active consumers over a cyber-infrastructure will be critical for maintaining grid reliability. Understanding the impact of such active consumers on the operational and business policies of the distribution utility requires advances in core system science that spans the areas of power engineering, economics, statistical signal processing, game theory, distributed control, multi-agent systems and cyber security. In conjunction with industrial partners, Westar Energy (the largest electric company in Kansas) and Kansas City Power and Light, the PIs plan to develop an architecture that requires little change to the existing investment in power distribution systems while allowing for the dynamic, adaptive control required to integrate active consumers with current and future combinations of high-variability distributed power sources, such as Photo-voltaic (PV) generators and storage batteries. In contrast to prior related efforts that primarily focus on demand response and distributed generation management with a single home/user centric approach, the proposed approach takes a holistic system perspective that includes cumulative modeling of multiple stochastic active consumers and the cyber infrastructure over which they may interact. Specific research thrusts include: (1) a general, extensible, and secure cyber architecture based on holonic multi-agent principles that provides a pathway to the emerging area of transactive energy market in power distribution systems, but also provides foundation for other engineered systems with active consumers; (2) new analytical insights into generalized stochastic modeling of consumer response to real]time price of electricity and the impact of such active consumers on grid reliability and security, and (3) novel methodology for comprehensive distributed control and management of power distribution systems with active consumers and high penetration of distributed renewable resources. Active consumers are an integral part of the Smart City vision where cyber systems are integrated into the transportation, energy, healthcare and biomedical, and critical infrastructure systems. Successful completion of this project will result in modeling, control, analysis and simulation architectures for all such active consumer driven CPS domains. The resulting gains in operating efficiency, economics, reliability and security will result in overall welfare for the society.