CPS: Synergy: Architecture for Future Distribution Systems Including Active Consumers with Rooftop Solar Generation

电力系统在过去十年中经历了许多变化，包括可再生能源发电、电动汽车和智能电网的传感、通信和控制新技术的普及。这些变化最显著的影响体现在消费者层面。GridWise联盟2014年12月的报告强调，消费者和终端设备能够以动态和互动的方式买卖能源和相关服务，预计将创造一个互动的能源市场。对物理系统进行建模和准备，以响应网络基础设施上活跃用户的某种不可预测的行为，这将是维护电网可靠性的关键。要了解这种活跃消费者对配电公用事业运营和业务政策的影响，需要在核心系统科学方面取得进展，这些科学涉及电力工程、经济学、统计信号处理、博弈论、分布式控制、多代理系统和网络安全等领域。PIS计划与行业合作伙伴Westar Energy(堪萨斯州最大的电力公司)和堪萨斯城电力和照明公司合作开发一种架构，该架构不需要对配电系统的现有投资进行任何改变，同时允许动态、自适应控制，以将活跃用户与光伏(PV)发电机和蓄电池等高变化性分布式电源的当前和未来组合整合在一起。与以前主要关注需求响应和以单一家庭/用户为中心的分布式发电管理方法的相关工作不同，建议的方法采用整体系统视角，包括对多个随机活跃用户和他们可能在其上交互的网络基础设施进行累积建模。具体的研究内容包括：(1)基于整体多智能体原理的通用、可扩展和安全的网络体系结构，它提供了一条通向配电系统中交易能源市场这一新兴领域的途径，但也为其他具有活跃用户的工程系统提供了基础；(2)对用户对实时电价响应的广义随机建模以及这些活跃用户对电网可靠性和安全性的影响的新的分析见解；以及(3)具有活跃用户和高渗透率的分布式可再生资源的配电系统综合分布式控制和管理的新方法。活跃的消费者是智慧城市愿景中不可或缺的一部分，在智慧城市愿景中，网络系统整合到交通、能源、医疗保健和生物医学以及关键基础设施系统中。该项目的成功完成将导致为所有此类活跃的消费者驱动的CPS领域建立建模、控制、分析和仿真架构。由此产生的运营效率、经济性、可靠性和安全性方面的收益将为社会带来整体福利。

Power systems have seen many changes over the last decade including the increased penetration of renewable generation, electric vehicles and new technologies for sensing, communication and control of a Smart Grid. The most significant impact of these changes are being felt at the consumer level. The ability for consumers and end devices to buy and sell energy and related services in a dynamic and interactive manner is expected to create a transactive energy market as highlighted in the Dec 2014 report of GridWise Alliance. Modeling and preparing the physical system to respond to the somewhat unpredictable behavior of active consumers over a cyber-infrastructure will be critical for maintaining grid reliability. Understanding the impact of such active consumers on the operational and business policies of the distribution utility requires advances in core system science that spans the areas of power engineering, economics, statistical signal processing, game theory, distributed control, multi-agent systems and cyber security. In conjunction with industrial partners, Westar Energy (the largest electric company in Kansas) and Kansas City Power and Light, the PIs plan to develop an architecture that requires little change to the existing investment in power distribution systems while allowing for the dynamic, adaptive control required to integrate active consumers with current and future combinations of high-variability distributed power sources, such as Photo-voltaic (PV) generators and storage batteries. In contrast to prior related efforts that primarily focus on demand response and distributed generation management with a single home/user centric approach, the proposed approach takes a holistic system perspective that includes cumulative modeling of multiple stochastic active consumers and the cyber infrastructure over which they may interact. Specific research thrusts include: (1) a general, extensible, and secure cyber architecture based on holonic multi-agent principles that provides a pathway to the emerging area of transactive energy market in power distribution systems, but also provides foundation for other engineered systems with active consumers; (2) new analytical insights into generalized stochastic modeling of consumer response to real]time price of electricity and the impact of such active consumers on grid reliability and security, and (3) novel methodology for comprehensive distributed control and management of power distribution systems with active consumers and high penetration of distributed renewable resources. Active consumers are an integral part of the Smart City vision where cyber systems are integrated into the transportation, energy, healthcare and biomedical, and critical infrastructure systems. Successful completion of this project will result in modeling, control, analysis and simulation architectures for all such active consumer driven CPS domains. The resulting gains in operating efficiency, economics, reliability and security will result in overall welfare for the society.