PIRE: GROWTH: Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen

全球天文台观测瞬变发生(GROUP)计划是一个由天文学家和望远镜组成的国际合作网络，致力于研究短暂的宇宙瞬变和近地小行星。宇宙瞬变是太阳亮度的数百万到数十亿倍的能量闪光，例如大质量恒星的爆炸性死亡、白矮星爆炸、奇异的中子星合并和黑洞的潮汐破坏。对快速衰落或快速移动事件的关键后续观测必须在发现后、太阳升起前的夜间及时进行。一组跨越地球多个经度的望远镜将在彼此之间传递指挥棒，有效地延长夜间的黑暗。增长将使对原本会在第二天晚上之前消失的事件进行详细监测？S的观测可以从任何一个地点开始。由此产生的数据洪流将用于改进天文观测技术和大数据管理和分析(如机器学习算法、数据库设计和统计)。此外，增长计划本质上的国际背景将促进关系和社会资本的发展，这是在来自世界各地的不同科学文化之间有效导航所需的。因此，参与的学生将拥有在知识经济中担任领导角色的量化、计算和人际交往技能。Growth将系统地解决时间域天文学中的几个前沿问题。Growth的目标是确定双中子星合并产生的电磁发射的特征，从而确定高级激光干涉仪引力波天文台(LIGO)预计将探测到的引力波的主要来源。及时的光谱分析可能会确定长期以来寻找的重元素生产的宇宙位置。增长将跟踪可能构成危险的小型近地小行星，以确定它们的轨道、大小、类型和自转特性。Growth应该有一个前排座位，通过例行获取新生超新星的前24小时的数据，并直接探测前身恒星的化学和历史，来观察恒星演化的终点。成长教育计划将培训学生和博士后，包括本科课程开发、国际实习、年度研讨会和研究会议。因此，增长将有助于美国和国际社会为大型天气观测望远镜时代(从2022年开始)做准备，这是美国国家科学基金会未来十年最优先的地面天文项目。

The Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen (GROWTH) program is an international collaborative network of astronomers and telescopes dedicated to the study of short-lived cosmic transients and near-earth asteroids. Cosmic transients are energetic flashes of light that are millions to billions of times the brightness of the sun, e.g. explosive deaths of massive stars, white dwarf detonations, exotic neutron star mergers and tidal disruption by black holes. Key follow-up observations of fast-fading or fast-moving events must occur at night promptly after discovery but before the sun rises. A relay of telescopes spanning multiple longitudes on earth will pass the baton amongst each other to effectively extend the night-time darkness. GROWTH will enable detailed monitoring of events that would otherwise vanish before the next night?s observations could begin at any single location. The torrent of data thus generated shall be used to improve both astronomical observing techniques and big data management and analysis (such as machine learning algorithms, database design and statistics). In addition, the intrinsically international context of the GROWTH program shall foster the development of relationships and social capital required to navigate effectively among diverse science cultures from around the world. Therefore, participating students will have the quantitative, computational and interpersonal skills to assume leadership roles in the knowledge economy. GROWTH will address several frontier questions in time domain astronomy systematically. GROWTH aims to characterize the electromagnetic emission from binary neutron star mergers, thereby localizing the prime source of gravitational waves expected to be detected by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). Timely spectroscopy may identify the long sought cosmic location of heavy element production. GROWTH would track small near-earth asteroids of the type that may pose hazards, to characterize their orbit, size, type and rotation properties. GROWTH shall have a front-row seat to observe the end points of stellar evolution by routinely obtaining data in the first 24 hours of a new-born supernova and directly probing the chemistry and history of the progenitor star. The GROWTH education program will train students and postdocs and encompass undergraduate course development, international internships, annual workshops and a research conference. GROWTH will thus help the US and international community prepare for the era of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (starting 2022), NSF's highest priority ground-based astronomy project for the next decade.