PIRE: GROWTH: Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen

全球观测瞬变发生中继（GROWTH）计划是一个由天文学家和望远镜组成的国际合作网络，致力于研究短暂的宇宙瞬变和近地小行星。宇宙瞬变是能量闪光，亮度是太阳的数百万到数十亿倍，例如大质量恒星的爆炸死亡，白矮星爆炸，奇异的中子星合并和黑洞的潮汐破坏。对快速衰减或快速移动的事件的关键后续观测必须在发现之后的夜间、太阳升起之前立即进行。跨越地球多个经度的望远镜接力将相互传递接力棒，以有效地延长夜间的黑暗。GROWTH将能够对事件进行详细的监控，否则这些事件在第二天晚上之前就会消失。S观测可以从任何一个地点开始。数据洪流由此产生应使用，以改进天文观测技术和大数据管理和分析（如机器学习算法，数据库设计和统计）。此外，GROWTH计划的内在国际背景将促进关系和社会资本的发展，以便在世界各地不同的科学文化之间有效地导航。因此，参与的学生将具备在知识经济中担任领导角色的定量、计算和人际交往技能。GROWTH将系统地解决时域天文学的几个前沿问题。GROWTH旨在描述双中子星并合的电磁发射特征，从而定位先进激光干涉仪引力波天文台（LIGO）预计探测到的引力波的主要来源。及时的光谱学可以确定长期寻找的重元素产生的宇宙位置。GROWTH将追踪可能构成危险的小型近地小行星，以确定它们的轨道、大小、类型和旋转特性。通过常规获取新生超新星的前24小时的数据，并直接探测祖星的化学和历史，GROWTH应该有一个观察恒星演化终点的前排座位。GROWTH教育项目将培训学生和博士后，包括本科课程开发、国际实习、年度研讨会和研究会议。因此，GROWTH将帮助美国和国际社会为大型综合巡天望远镜（2022年开始）时代做好准备，这是美国国家科学基金会未来十年最优先的地面天文学项目。

The Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen (GROWTH) program is an international collaborative network of astronomers and telescopes dedicated to the study of short-lived cosmic transients and near-earth asteroids. Cosmic transients are energetic flashes of light that are millions to billions of times the brightness of the sun, e.g. explosive deaths of massive stars, white dwarf detonations, exotic neutron star mergers and tidal disruption by black holes. Key follow-up observations of fast-fading or fast-moving events must occur at night promptly after discovery but before the sun rises. A relay of telescopes spanning multiple longitudes on earth will pass the baton amongst each other to effectively extend the night-time darkness. GROWTH will enable detailed monitoring of events that would otherwise vanish before the next night?s observations could begin at any single location. The torrent of data thus generated shall be used to improve both astronomical observing techniques and big data management and analysis (such as machine learning algorithms, database design and statistics). In addition, the intrinsically international context of the GROWTH program shall foster the development of relationships and social capital required to navigate effectively among diverse science cultures from around the world. Therefore, participating students will have the quantitative, computational and interpersonal skills to assume leadership roles in the knowledge economy. GROWTH will address several frontier questions in time domain astronomy systematically. GROWTH aims to characterize the electromagnetic emission from binary neutron star mergers, thereby localizing the prime source of gravitational waves expected to be detected by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). Timely spectroscopy may identify the long sought cosmic location of heavy element production. GROWTH would track small near-earth asteroids of the type that may pose hazards, to characterize their orbit, size, type and rotation properties. GROWTH shall have a front-row seat to observe the end points of stellar evolution by routinely obtaining data in the first 24 hours of a new-born supernova and directly probing the chemistry and history of the progenitor star. The GROWTH education program will train students and postdocs and encompass undergraduate course development, international internships, annual workshops and a research conference. GROWTH will thus help the US and international community prepare for the era of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (starting 2022), NSF's highest priority ground-based astronomy project for the next decade.