Public Project Works And Social Integration And Control In A Traditional Society

风险认知和自然灾害缓解传统上是由美国和其他发达国家的联邦机构完成的。 几十年来，研究、规划和缓解一直是自上而下的。 最近的一项发展是扭转这种方向性，将灾害规划和减灾纳入当地社区。 甚至美国规划协会在2014年也认识到授予当地社区规划和减灾权力的重要性。 其他文化的经验和其他时候面临灾害的经验可以帮助当代社会的灾害规划。 古代玛雅人在中美洲学术上的优势在于精英控制一切，这是一幅由上而下的精英统治权力等级、经济、社会和宗教的图景。 因为精英建筑通常是用坚固的石头建造的，宫殿、金字塔、寺庙和坟墓比普通建筑保存得更好。 考古学家偏爱精英建筑和文物，导致精英被认为是全能的。 考古学家花在研究平民生活上的精力很少，部分原因是他们的遗体保存得很差。 只有极少数情况下才能发现平民生活的“清晰窗口”，幸运的是，其中之一是萨尔瓦多的塞伦遗址。这是一个完全由玛雅平民组成的村庄，在公元660年突然的火山爆发中被掩埋。该项目一直在调查当局的级别，并发现了一条从村庄通往南部的令人惊讶的大道路。 这些照片将揭示村里道路的起源，以及它的功能。 它的建造和维护显然是在社区内部决定的。 地球物理仪器将在15英尺深的火山灰下搜寻这条道路，探地雷达和电阻层析成像是将使用的仪器。 测试坑将确认并跟踪道路。 一个明显的分支的道路开始在结构10，社区仪式结构，在收获仪式正在举行时，爆发开始。 从最初的警告到炽热的火山灰的到来之间的时间很短，但令人震惊的是，紧急疏散是成功的，即使是在晚上。 人们真的在路上“向南走”，我们在他们逃跑时发现了他们的脚印。 这是地方当局成功地对紧急情况作出快速反应的一个例子，而不必等待精英当局自上而下的决定。 道路可能会在村庄里出现分支，并通向一个可能处于社会或政治末端的结构，该建筑将在项目的第二年被挖掘。 一个由土建筑保护方面最优秀的专家组成的团队已经成立，以改善对这一世界遗产考古遗址的保护。

Risk perception and natural hazard mitigation traditionally are done by federal agencies in the US and other developed nations. Research, planning, and mitigation have been top-down for many decades. A recent development is to reverse that directionality, embedding hazards planning and mitigation in local communities. Even the American Planning Association in 2014 recognized the importance of granting planning and mitigation authority to local communities. Experiences of other cultures and at other times when they faced disasters can assist hazard planning in contemporary societies. The predominance of scholarship of the ancient Maya in Central America is that the elite controlled everything, a thoroughly top-down picture of the elites running the power hierarchy, economy, society, and religion. Because elite architecture is regularly built out of solid stone, the palaces, pyramids, temples, and tombs preserve better than commoner architecture. And archaeologists have favored the elite architecture and artifacts, leading to the perception of elites as being all-powerful. Archaeologists have spent proportionally little effort in examining the lives of commoners, in part because of poor preservation of their remains. Only rarely is a "clear window" into commoner life discovered, and fortunately one of them is the Ceren site in El Salvador. It is a village exclusively of Maya commoners buried by a sudden volcanic eruption in AD 660.The project has been investigating levels of authority, and has discovered a surprisingly large roadway from the village leading south. Excavations will reveal the beginnings of the roadway in the village, and therefore its functions. Its construction and maintenance evidently were decided within the community. Geophysical instruments will search for the roadway under the 15 feet of volcanic ash that bury it. Ground-penetrating radar and resistivity tomography are the instruments that will be employed. Test pits will confirm and follow the roadway. One apparent branch of the roadway began at Structure 10, the community ritual structure where the harvest ceremony was being held when the eruption began. There was very little time between the initial warning and the arrival of the hot volcanic ash, but what is striking is the emergency evacuation was successful even though it was at night. People literally "headed south" on the roadway, and we have discovered their footprints while they were fleeing. This is an example of local authority successfully reacting quickly to an emergency, without having to wait for a top-down decision from elite authority. The roadway may branch in the village, and lead to a structure that may be at the social or political end, and that building will be excavated in the second year of the project. A team of the finest experts in earthen architecture preservation have been assembled to improve conservation of this World Heritage archaeological site.