Collaborative Research: The Role of Surplus Production in the Emergence of a Complex Coastal Society

合作研究：剩余生产在复杂沿海社会出现中的作用

• 批准号: 1550900
• 负责人: William Marquardt
• 金额: $ 6.98万
• 依托单位: University of Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-03-01 至 2020-02-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1550900&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Role; Surplus; Production

Surplus production is often linked to social development and the rise of politically complex societies. It has historically been thought to help people buffer risks. Largely, however, past work has focused on agricultural societies, with fewer studies considering how surpluses were produced and managed under other economic systems. With support from the National Science Foundation, Drs. William Marquardt, Victor Thompson, and Michael Savarese will conduct research at the Mound Key and Pineland archaeological sites to investigate the role of surplus production among the Calusa of southwest Florida, who were the most powerful group in peninsular Florida in the sixteenth century A.D. The Calusa king collected tribute from a population in excess of 20,000 distributed among 50 to 60 Calusa communities extending from the northern reaches of Charlotte Harbor to the Florida Keys. However, unlike the farming people of the interior river valleys of the southeastern U.S., the Calusa relied primarily on fish and shellfish for protein, collecting wild plant foods and using only a handful of plants from home gardens. Most importantly, they did not grow maize, which formed the basis of surplus production and political complexity for many groups across the Southeast. This project focuses on surplus production and distribution in a complex fisher-gatherer-hunter society. Few archaeologists have examined surplus production among fisher-gatherer-hunters, especially those in the sub-tropics. This research will shed light on long-term sustainability of fisheries, a topic of considerable world-wide interest, and address the potential impact of over-harvesting shellfish. The project will also help train the next generation of interdisciplinary scientists, both undergraduate and graduate students. As part of the research, the team will teach a field school that will involve students drawn from a broad geographical region. Students will be trained in research, as well as specialized methods and traditional archaeological excavation. The research will bring students with interests in archaeology, geology, and ecology together to address a burgeoning field in geoscience: conservation paleobiology (applying the theories and analytical tools of paleontology to solving problems concerning the conservation of biodiversity). The project will also partner with the Florida Public Archaeology Network as well as the Randell Research Center to engage the public throughout the research process. Specifically, by means of coring and archaeological excavations in structures thought to be fish and shellfish storage and processing features, the team will examine how the Calusa produced and managed large-scale food surpluses presumed to be necessary to sustain their large populations. This work aims to discover how surplus production was situated within the larger histories of the Calusa, and how these practices structured interactions with Europeans. This work will serve as a comparative study against examples that focus on the links between surplus, storage, social development, and the transition to agriculture and animal husbandry. Development of comparative case studies such as this one will help disengage the concepts of surplus, storage, and social relations in terms of both individual agency and collective action.

生产过剩往往与社会发展和政治复杂社会的兴起有关。历史上，人们一直认为它可以帮助人们缓冲风险。然而，过去的工作主要集中在农业社会，很少有研究考虑在其他经济制度下如何产生和管理盈余。在美国国家科学基金会的支持下。William Marquardt， Victor Thompson和Michael Savarese将在Mound Key和Pineland考古遗址进行研究，以调查剩余生产在佛罗里达西南部Calusa人中的作用，Calusa人是公元16世纪佛罗里达半岛最强大的群体。Calusa国王从分布在从夏洛特港北部延伸到佛罗里达群岛的50到60个Calusa社区的2万多人口中收取贡品。然而，与美国东南部内陆河谷的农民不同，卡卢萨人主要依靠鱼类和贝类来获取蛋白质，收集野生植物食物，只使用少量的家庭菜园植物。最重要的是，他们不种植玉米，而玉米是东南地区许多群体生产过剩和政治复杂的基础。这个项目关注的是一个复杂的渔猎社会的剩余生产和分配。很少有考古学家研究过渔猎采集者的剩余生产，尤其是那些生活在亚热带地区的人。这项研究将阐明渔业的长期可持续性，这是一个全世界都很感兴趣的话题，并解决过度捕捞贝类的潜在影响。该项目还将帮助培养下一代跨学科科学家，包括本科生和研究生。作为研究的一部分，该团队将在一所实地学校授课，该学校将招收来自广泛地理区域的学生。学生将接受研究、专业方法和传统考古挖掘方面的培训。这项研究将把对考古学、地质学和生态学感兴趣的学生聚集在一起，讨论地球科学中一个新兴的领域：保护古生物学（应用古生物学的理论和分析工具来解决有关保护生物多样性的问题）。该项目还将与佛罗里达公共考古网络以及兰德尔研究中心合作，在整个研究过程中吸引公众参与。具体来说，通过在被认为是鱼类和贝类储存和加工特征的结构中进行岩心和考古挖掘，研究小组将研究Calusa人如何生产和管理大规模的食物盈余，这被认为是维持其庞大人口所必需的。这项工作的目的是发现剩余生产是如何位于Calusa的更大的历史中，以及这些实践是如何与欧洲人互动的。这项工作将作为一项比较研究，与侧重于盈余、储存、社会发展和向农业和畜牧业过渡之间联系的实例进行比较。像这样的比较案例研究的发展将有助于从个人代理和集体行动的角度脱离剩余、储存和社会关系的概念。