EAGER: Experimental Techniques for Discerning Female-specific Morphology in Non-avian Theropod Dinosaurs
EAGER:辨别非鸟类兽脚亚目恐龙雌性特异性形态的实验技术
基本信息
- 批准号:1552328
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 18.57万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Standard Grant
- 财政年份:2016
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2016-05-01 至 2020-04-30
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Birds include more species than in any other group of extant vertebrates, and were the only lineage of dinosaurs to survive the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period about 65 million years ago. The long-standing success of birds may be attributable in part to their unique reproductive physiology, which includes a specialized skeletal tissue deposited in the inner cavity of long bones known as medullary bone (MB). MB acts as a calcium reserve for the production of eggshells and was long thought to be a key reproductive adaptation unique to birds. However, the tissue has recently been purported to occur in a handful of extinct species, including both non-avian dinosaurs and dinosaurian relatives. Given the vast evolutionary distance across the groups in which MB has been tentatively identified (across lineages that diverged over 100 million years prior to the origin of birds), substantiation (or refutation) of MB in these taxa and a careful study of the chemical characteristics and microstructure of these skeletal tissues is a critical first step to determine the validity of these identifications and the evolutionary significance of this tissue. The proposed project will be transformative in developing an untested, independent proxy for chemically distinguishing MB in fossils, and a non-destructive means for identifying the microstructure of MB in the fossil record that can be used to explore reproductive life history and physiology of the bird lineage in deep time. Public outreach and education associated with this research will be conducted at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. Medullary bone (MB) is an ephemeral, estrogen dependent, endosteal tissue lining the marrow cavity in extant avialans (birds). This specialized reproductive tissue is highly vascular histologically, exhibits a woven bone matrix, and is more densely mineralized than other bone types. Although originally considered a key avian adaptation, MB has since been identified in non-avian theropod and ornithopod dinosaurs, far removed phylogenetically from the direct lineage of extant avialans, and most recently outside of Dinosauria, in one of the clade's closest extinct relatives Pterosauria (non-dinosaurian flying reptiles). To date, identifications of MB in fossils have relied exclusively on structural comparisons (location, texture, distribution, and microstructure) with MB in birds by means of histological (destructive) sampling. However, MB in living birds can also be identified by its unique molecular signature because the tissue incorporates more non-collagenous proteins than cortical bone, and utilizes more sulfated glycosaminoglycans, particularly keratan sulfate, which is not present in cortical bone. This project will provide new information on chemical and microstructural variation in MB within extant avialans and will use these data to generate novel µCT and histochemical techniques for identifying MB in the fossil record. This protocol will then be used to test the homology of published accounts of MB in extinct Archosauria, ultimately providing an informed phylogenetic context for the evolution of medullary bone and avian-specific reproductive physiology. This research is co-funded through the NSF Office of International Science and Engineering in support of research on fossils in China and Mongolia in this project.
鸟类包括比任何其他现存脊椎动物群更多的物种,并且是大约6500万年前白垩纪末期大灭绝中幸存下来的唯一恐龙谱系。鸟类的长期成功可能部分归因于其独特的生殖生理学,其中包括沉积在长骨内腔中的称为髓骨(MB)的专门骨骼组织。甲基溴作为蛋壳生产的钙储备,长期以来一直被认为是鸟类特有的关键生殖适应。然而,这种组织最近被认为存在于少数灭绝的物种中,包括非鸟类恐龙和恐龙的亲戚。鉴于MB已被初步确定的群体之间的巨大进化距离,(在鸟类起源之前的1亿多年里,证据(或反驳)MB在这些类群和这些骨骼组织的化学特征和显微结构的仔细研究是关键的第一步,以确定这些鉴定的有效性和进化意义,组织.拟议的项目将是变革性的,它将开发一种未经测试的、独立的替代品,用于化学区分化石中的甲基溴,并开发一种非破坏性的手段,用于识别化石记录中的甲基溴微观结构,可用于探索鸟类谱系的生殖生活史和生理学。与本研究相关的公共宣传和教育将在北卡罗来纳州自然科学博物馆进行。髓骨(MB)是一种短暂的,雌激素依赖性,骨内膜组织衬里的骨髓腔在现存的鸟类(鸟类)。这种专门的生殖组织在组织学上具有高度血管性,具有编织骨基质,并且比其他骨骼类型的矿化密度更高。虽然最初被认为是一种关键的鸟类适应,但后来在非鸟类的兽脚亚目和鸟脚亚目恐龙中发现了MB,它们在遗传学上与现存鸟类的直接谱系相距甚远,最近在恐龙类之外,在该分支最接近灭绝的亲属之一翼龙类(非恐龙的飞行爬行动物)中发现了MB。到目前为止,MB的化石鉴定完全依赖于结构比较(位置,纹理,分布和微观结构)与MB在鸟类的组织学(破坏性)采样。然而,活禽中的MB也可以通过其独特的分子特征来识别,因为该组织比皮质骨包含更多的非胶原蛋白,并且利用更多的硫酸化糖胺聚糖,特别是硫酸角质素,其不存在于皮质骨中。该项目将提供关于现存鸟类中MB的化学和微观结构变化的新信息,并将使用这些数据生成新的µCT和组织化学技术,用于识别化石记录中的MB。然后,该方案将用于测试已发表的已灭绝的始龙类中MB的同源性,最终为髓骨和鸟类特异性生殖生理学的进化提供了一个知情的系统发育背景。该研究由NSF国际科学与工程办公室共同资助,以支持该项目中中国和蒙古的化石研究。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(0)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
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Lindsay Zanno其他文献
Lindsay Zanno的其他文献
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{{ truncateString('Lindsay Zanno', 18)}}的其他基金
Collaborative Research: Time of Transformation: integrating the dynamic geologic, climatic and biotic systems of North America during the Early to Late Cretaceous transition
合作研究:转型时期:整合早白垩世到晚白垩世过渡期间北美的动态地质、气候和生物系统
- 批准号:
1925973 - 财政年份:2019
- 资助金额:
$ 18.57万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
CSBR: Natural History Collections: Critical Conservation of Paleontological Collections at the NCSM: A Platform to Engage Underserved Students in Citizen Science
CSBR:自然历史收藏:NCSM 古生物学收藏的批判性保护:让服务不足的学生参与公民科学的平台
- 批准号:
1560871 - 财政年份:2016
- 资助金额:
$ 18.57万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
Collaborative Research GP-EXTRA: Engaging Diverse Two-Year College Geoscience Students: Expanding Opportunities Through Undergraduate Research and Mentoring
合作研究 GP-EXTRA:吸引多元化的两年制大学地球科学学生:通过本科生研究和指导扩大机会
- 批准号:
1600545 - 财政年份:2016
- 资助金额:
$ 18.57万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
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