Collaborative Research: Physical Modeling of Submarine Volcanic Eruption Generated Tsunamis

合作研究：海底火山喷发引发海啸的物理模型

• 批准号: 1563220
• 负责人: Juan Horrillo
• 金额: $ 26.26万
• 依托单位: Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-07-15 至 2021-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1563220&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Physical; Modeling; Submarine

Tsunamis are normally associated with submarine earthquakes along subduction zones, such as the 2011 Japan tsunami. However, there are significant tsunami sources related to submarine volcanic eruptions. Volcanic tsunamis, like tectonic tsunamis, typically occur with little warning and can devastate populated coastal areas at considerable distances from the volcano. There have been more than 90 volcanic tsunamis accounting for about 25% of all fatalities directly attributable to volcanic eruptions during the last 250 years. The two deadliest non-tectonic tsunamis in the past 300 years are due to the 1883 Krakatoa eruption in Indonesia with associated pyroclastic flows and Japan's Mount Unzen lava dome collapse in 1792. At the source, volcanic tsunamis can exceed tectonic tsunamis in wave height, but these volcanic tsunamis are subject to significant wave attenuation and dispersion with propagation distance. There are at least nine different mechanisms by which volcanoes produce tsunamis. Most volcanic tsunami waves have been produced by extremely energetic explosive volcanic eruptions in submarine or near water surface settings, or by flow of voluminous pyroclastic flows or debris avalanches into the sea. The recent "orange" alert in July 2015 at the Kick 'em Jenny submarine volcano off Granada in the Caribbean Sea highlighted the challenges in characterizing the tsunami waves for a potential submarine volcanic eruption. In this work we will conduct a suite of experiments and closely linked modeling efforts to quantify the relationship between source eruptive mechanism and wave generation. This research will serve assessment and mitigation of coupled volcanic and tsunami hazards.The ultimate long-term goal of this research is to transform assessment and mitigation of the submarine volcanic tsunami hazard through hybrid modeling of submarine volcanic eruption, tsunami generation and propagation along with the potential engulfment and caldera formation. Critically important data related to these submarine tsunami generation processes is lacking in the literature. This research will compensate for missing data by hybrid modeling of 3D submarine volcanic eruption tsunami generation scenarios. It will focus on the tsunami generation by submarine volcanic eruptions and engulfments. A computer controlled pneumatic submarine volcanic eruption tsunami generator (SVE-TG) will allow fully 3D physical modeling. The variable eruption velocities of the SVE-TG mimick relatively slow mud volcanoes and rapid explosive eruptions. The event analysis will be used to determine the experimental program and the design of the SVE-TG, which will expand the capabilities of the existing NHERI tsunami facilities. The experimental program will determine the characteristics of the dynamic eruptive column and the coupled tsunami generation, propagation and potential caldera formation. The combined experimental results from the submarine volcanic eruption will provide a robust validation tool for numerical models of submarine volcanic eruptions and engulfments. Source characteristics from submarine volcanic eruption events remain poorly constrained from present experimental and numerical studies. A historical event will be simulated by using described coupled volcanic mass flow, eruption and tsunami mechanisms. This research will transform knowledge and understanding of submarine volcanic tsunamis and potentially mitigate some of the deadliest non-tectonic tsunami hazards.

海啸通常与沿着俯冲带的海底地震有关，例如2011年的日本海啸。然而，也有与海底火山爆发有关的重大海啸源。火山海啸，像构造海啸一样，通常在几乎没有预警的情况下发生，并且可以破坏离火山相当远的人口稠密的沿海地区。在过去的250年里，有90多次火山海啸，占火山爆发直接造成的所有死亡人数的25%。过去300年来最致命的两次非构造性海啸是1883年印度尼西亚喀拉喀托火山爆发及其相关的火山碎屑流和1792年日本云仙火山熔岩圆顶坍塌。在震源处，火山海啸的波高可以超过构造海啸，但这些火山海啸会随着传播距离而受到显著的波衰减和分散。火山至少有九种不同的机制产生海啸。大多数火山海啸波都是由海底或近水面环境中能量极高的火山爆发产生的，或者是由大量火山碎屑流或碎片雪崩流入大海。最近于2015年7月在加勒比海格拉纳达附近的Kick 'em Jenny海底火山发出的“橙子”警报突出了在描述潜在海底火山爆发的海啸波方面的挑战。在这项工作中，我们将进行一系列的实验和密切联系的建模工作，以量化源喷发机制和波生成之间的关系。本研究将服务于火山与海啸耦合灾害的评估与减灾，最终的长期目标是通过海底火山喷发、海啸生成和传播沿着潜在吞没和破火山口形成的混合模型，改变海底火山海啸灾害的评估与减灾。文献中缺乏与这些海底海啸生成过程相关的至关重要的数据。 这项研究将通过混合建模的3D海底火山爆发海啸生成的情况下，弥补缺失的数据。它将侧重于海底火山爆发和吞没所产生的海啸。计算机控制的气动海底火山爆发海啸发生器（SVE-TG）将允许完全三维物理建模。可变的喷发速度的SVE-TG模仿相对缓慢的泥火山和快速爆发。事件分析将用于确定实验方案和SVE-TG的设计，这将扩大现有NHERI海啸设施的能力。该实验计划将确定动态喷发柱的特征以及耦合的海啸产生、传播和潜在破火山口形成的特征。海底火山喷发的综合实验结果将为海底火山喷发和吞没的数值模型提供一个强大的验证工具。从目前的实验和数值研究来看，海底火山喷发事件的震源特征仍然没有得到很好的限制。一个历史事件将模拟使用耦合的火山物质流，喷发和海啸机制。这项研究将改变对海底火山海啸的认识和理解，并可能减轻一些最致命的非构造海啸危险。