Coastal SEES: Coastal fog-mediated interactions between climate change, upwelling, and coast redwood resilience: Projecting vulnerabilities and the human response

东部边界洋流的沿海上升流驱动着地球上一些最具生产力和生物多样性的海洋生态系统。虽然上升流对海洋生态系统的贡献已得到公认，但上升流对沿海陆地生态系统的关键影响尚未得到充分认识。这项研究的主要假设是，海洋-大气-陆地的相互作用，在沿海雾的介导下，导致上升流驱动了地球上最多产的陆地生态系统之一——海岸红木林。该研究进一步假设，了解气候变化对这种标志性物种的影响可以影响人们对气候变化的看法。沿海红杉的未来恢复能力现在受到了人们的严重关注，因为人们发现沿海雾的减少可能与人为气候变化和城市热岛的扩大有关。然而，这种沿海海洋-大气-陆地系统得到的关注相对较少。这在很大程度上是由于直到最近，地球系统模型还不能模拟连接各组成系统的沿海雾，因此很难解释历史观测结果或预测气候变化对这些综合系统的影响。此外，基本的生态测量被雾的存在所掩盖，这使得人们很难理解海岸红杉如何对雾的变化做出反应。了解这一沿海海洋-大气-陆地系统不仅将为海岸红木的恢复能力提供急需的信息，而且还将为未来研究一系列沿海陆地、河岸和潮间带生态系统以及受人类影响的部门（包括灌溉农业、野火管理、公共卫生、空中和地面交通、旅游、城市能源和水消耗）的关键雾介导脆弱性奠定基础。在这个项目中，一个跨学科团队将利用区域海洋-大气-陆地建模和激光光谱的最新进展，对这一沿海综合自然-人类系统进行前所未有的探索。扩大项目影响的活动包括与土地管理者和口译员的接触，建模与公众接触之间的互动，参与气候变化纪录片，媒体接触，以及对西班牙裔服务机构本科生和两名博士后学者的跨学科培训。本项目的结果将是：(1)在过程层面上理解沿海雾介导的海洋-大气环流与海岸红木生态生理之间的相互作用；(2)在全球温室气体强迫和局部城市热岛的人为情景下，雾、海岸红木恢复力和上升流的预测以及海洋-大气-陆地对这种强迫的反馈。(3)了解这一标志性沿海物种的预测脆弱性如何影响人类对气候变化和气候友好行为的看法。该项目将重点关注三个与整个团队有重要联系的活动：(1)美国太平洋沿岸海洋和大气环流的模拟将用于了解上升流的时间和强度如何与大气和沿海陆地系统相互作用，以产生和维持沿海雾（Samelson, Skyllingstad, de Szoeke，俄勒冈州立大学；O'Brien，劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）。(2)海岸红木林中大气羰基硫化物的激光光谱仪测量将提供在雾存在下测量初级生产力和生理调节的独特能力（Campbell, UC Merced; Berry, Carnegie Institution; Dawson, UC Berkeley; Seibt， UCLA）。由此产生的生态信息将用于开发在当前和预计雾状态下海岸红木生理的区域模拟。(3)对海岸红木恢复力的新科学认识将为衡量人类对海岸红木的态度、知识、价值观、地点联系和当前气候相关行为的调查奠定基础（Ardoin, Stanford university）。这些调查数据，以及正在进行的研究的生态数据，将为建立在人们当前的地方关系、理解和现有行为基础上的教育干预奠定基础。

Coastal upwelling in eastern boundary currents drives some of the Earth's most productive and biodiverse marine ecosystems. While the contributions of upwelling to marine ecosystems are well-recognized, critical implications of upwelling for coastal terrestrial ecosystems are not. The main hypothesis of this study is that ocean-atmosphere-land interactions, mediated by coastal fog, cause upwelling to drive one of the Earth's most productive terrestrial ecosystems, coast redwood forests. The study further hypothesizes that learning about climate change impacts to this iconic species can influence perceptions of climate change. The future resilience of coast redwoods is now of critical concern due to the detection of a decline in coastal fog that may be associated with anthropogenic climate change and expanding urban heat islands. However, this coastal ocean-atmosphere-land system has received relatively little attention. This is largely due to the fact that until recently, earth system models were not capable of simulating the coastal fog that links the component systems, making it difficult to interpret historical observations or to project climate change impacts on these integrated systems. Furthermore, fundamental ecological measurements are obscured by the presence of fog, making it very difficult to understand how coast redwoods will respond to changes in fog. Understanding this coastal ocean-atmosphere-land system will not only provide much needed information for coast redwood resilience, but will also establish a foundation for future work on critical fog-mediated vulnerabilities to a range of coastal terrestrial, riparian, and intertidal ecosystems, and human-affected sectors including irrigated agriculture, wildfire management, public health, air and ground traffic, tourism, and urban energy and water consumption.In this project, an interdisciplinary team will leverage recent advances in regional ocean-atmosphere-land modeling and laser spectrometry to provide an unprecedented exploration of this coastal integrated natural-human system. Activities to broaden the impacts of the project include outreach to land managers and interpreters, interactions between modeling and public outreach, participation in a climate change documentary, media outreach, and interdisciplinary training of Hispanic Serving Institution undergraduates and two postdoctoral scholars.The results of this project will be (1) a process-level understanding of the coastal fog-mediated interactions between ocean-atmosphere circulation and coast redwood ecophysiology, (2) projections of fog, coast redwood resilience, and upwelling under anthropogenic scenarios of global greenhouse gas forcing and local urban heat islands along with the ocean-atmosphere-land feedbacks to this forcing, and (3) an understanding of how the projected vulnerabilities of this iconic coastal species can influence human perceptions about climate change and climate-friendly behaviors. The project will focus on three activities with essential linkages across the team: (1) U.S. Pacific Coast simulations of ocean and atmospheric circulation will be used to understand how the timing and strength of upwelling interacts with the atmosphere and coastal land systems to produce and maintain coastal fog (Samelson, Skyllingstad, de Szoeke, Oregon State Univ.; O'Brien, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory). (2) Laser spectrometer measurements of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide in coast redwood forests will provide the unique capability of measuring primary productivity and physiological regulation in the presence of fog (Campbell, UC Merced; Berry, Carnegie Institution; Dawson, UC Berkeley; Seibt, UCLA). The resulting ecological information will be used to develop regional simulations of coast redwood physiology under current and projected fog regimes. (3) The new scientific understanding of coast redwood resilience will form the foundation of surveys measuring human attitudes, knowledge, values, place connections, and current climate-related behaviors with regard to coast redwoods (Ardoin, Stanford Univ.). These survey data, along with the ecological data from ongoing research, will create a foundation for educational interventions that build on people's current place relationships, understandings, and existing behaviors.