DISSERTATION RESEARCH: Comparative ontogeny: dinosaur growth, development, and intraspecific variation

代谢率的变化通常伴随着生物功能和生态学的重大进化转变。例子包括内温性（温血）的进化和主龙类（鸟类及其近亲，约12，000种）和哺乳动物（约5，000种）的代谢升高。高代谢率被认为是哺乳动物和祖龙物种辐射的关键组成部分，使个体能够利用更广泛的环境和时间生态位（生活方式）。就它们的体型而言，现存的鸟类在所有脊椎动物中具有最高的生长速度和新陈代谢。高的鸟类代谢率也与高度渠化的发展，如在相对缺乏身体大小的变化，为一个给定的年龄的个人。这项研究的主要目的是了解这些极端的生理和发育特化是如何在鸟类的恐龙祖先中出现的。该项目将产生两大更广泛的影响。首先，该项目产生的数据和解释将被纳入到目前正在开发的展览在美国自然历史博物馆（AMNH），？恐龙就在我们身边这个展览是一个多媒体展示，展示了支持鸟类从非鸟类恐龙进化而来的假设的各种证据。它使用化石标本，模型，图形和相互作用，揭示了许多典型鸟类特征的最新发现。PI积极参与咨询展览的科学内容，再加上相关的博物馆活动和广泛的在线存在，将达到AMNH和全球许多其他国家每年500万游客的大部分。展览的教育材料将接触到不同的学生群体，其中许多来自纽约市服务不足的社区。第二，该项目大大加强了AMNH古生物实验室的基础设施，以进行化石组织的组织学研究。组织学技术培训将使PI能够进一步培训AMNH的工作人员和学生，开发实验室的人力资源，以支持未来几年涉及组织学分析的项目。根据恐龙骨骼的微观结构计算恐龙的生长速率（代谢的替代物）表明，向现代鸟类恒温动物的转变不是一步完成的。例如，最早的鸟类比非鸟类爬行动物生长得更快，但比它们现存的后代生长得更慢。然而，最早的兽脚类恐龙鸟类祖先的代谢率升高的起源仍然未知。该项目旨在填补这一知识空白，通过使用骨组织学（检查骨组织的显微组织）和大体形态学来测量生长速度和个体发育的渠道为一种遗传基础兽脚亚目恐龙，Coelophysis bauri。 由于它是唯一一个灭绝的恐龙与大样本量（数百个标本），可从单一的人口，组织切片和生长曲线的建设Coelophysis bauri将揭示一些最早的分歧兽脚类恐龙的代谢条件，并提供一个框架内过渡到快速增长率和发展渠道之间的鸟线祖龙进行评估。

Shifts in metabolic rates often accompany major evolutionary transitions in organismal function and ecology. Examples include the evolution of endothermy (warm-bloodedness) and elevated metabolism in archosaurs (birds and their close relatives, ~12,000 species) and mammals (~5,000 species). High metabolic rates are thought to be a key component of mammalian and archosaur species radiations, by allowing individuals to exploit a wider range of environmental and temporal niches (lifestyles). For their body size, extant birds have some of the highest growth rates and metabolisms of any vertebrates. High avian metabolic rates are also associated with highly canalized development, as seen in the relative lack of body size variation for individuals of a given age. The primary aim of this research is to understand how these extreme physiological and developmental specializations arose within the dinosaur ancestors of birds. This project will produce two major broader impacts. First, data and interpretations generated by this project will be incorporated into updates to an exhibit currently in development at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), ?Dinosaurs Among Us.? This exhibit is a multi-media showcase of the various lines of evidence supporting the hypothesis that birds evolved from non-avian dinosaurs. It uses fossil specimens, models, graphics, and interactives to reveal the latest findings about the dinosaurian origins of many typically avian traits. The PIs are actively involved in consulting on the scientific content of the exhibit, which, together with associated museum events and an extensive online presence, will reach a large portion of the 5 million annual visitors to AMNH and many others globally. Educational materials from the exhibit will reach a diverse group of students, many from underserved communities in New York City. Second, this project greatly enhances the infrastructure of the AMNH paleontology laboratory to conduct histological research on fossil tissues. Training in histological techniques will enable the PIs to further train AMNH staff and students, developing the human resources of the laboratory to support projects involving histological analysis for years to come. Calculation of dinosaur growth rates (a proxy for metabolism) from their bone microstructure has demonstrated that the transition to modern avian endothermy did not occur in a single step. The earliest birds, for example, grew more rapidly than non-avian reptiles, but more slowly than their extant descendants. However, the origin of elevated metabolic rates among the earliest theropod dinosaur ancestors of birds remains unknown. This project seeks to fill this gap in knowledge, by using bone histology (examination of the microscopic organization of bone tissue) and gross morphology to measure growth rate and ontogenetic canalization for a phylogenetically basal theropod dinosaur, Coelophysis bauri. As it is one of the only extinct dinosaurs with a large sample size (hundreds of specimens) available from single populations, histological sectioning and growth curve construction for Coelophysis bauri will shed light on the metabolic condition of some of the earliest diverging theropod dinosaurs, and provide a framework within which the transition to rapid growth rates and developmental canalization among bird-line archosaurs may be assessed.