IBSS-L: Procedural Mechanisms and Systemic Inequality in Municipal Law Enforcement

这个跨学科的研究项目将扩大国家司法数据库的范围，这是美国第一个追踪警察行为的多站点数据库，如拦截和使用武力，它将评估警务中常见的政策和程序如何影响种族差异的结果。该项目将促进制定和验证警察拦截数据收集、分析和解释的全国标准化方法。它将增进对个人、组织和系统歧视的基本理解，以及这些层面之间的相互作用。该项目将提供新的见解，为干预措施和战略提供信息，以弥合警察与其所服务社区之间的鸿沟。该项目将有助于将国家司法数据库转变为一种工具，为干预措施和战略提供信息，并确定警察部门制定的战略和干预措施的成功率。通过研究政策，特别是侧重于培训、问责制、社区警务、“热点”警务、服务号召和其他部署策略的政策，该项目可以帮助确定哪些政策在减少种族差异方面最成功，以及哪些条件可以缓和这种关系。这方面的知识将有助于减少种族定性和促进公平警务。本项目将研究警务中的共同政策如何在正式政策、组织气候、地理空间和社区指导的警务活动领域影响种族差异的结果。本研究人员将采用跨学科的方法来确定可能导致或多或少不平等结果的具体警务机制。通过检查这些领域的结果，他们将提供一个大型的多站点评估组织政策如何产生种族差异的结果，并特别关注如何减少这些差异。研究者将大量借鉴社会心理学、经济学和社会学的理论框架，如隐性偏见、资源效率和社会分层。他们将通过部门的社会和组织态度气候，追踪警察部门（以及相关的市和州）政策（如培训和监督）的因果链，以检查这些政策和气候如何与不同的部署方法（如“热点”和主动警务）相互作用，以影响公民的结果，特别是在拦截、搜查、逮捕和过度使用武力方面的种族和民族歧视结果。本项目由美国国家科学基金会跨学科行为与社会科学研究（IBSS）竞赛资助。

This interdisciplinary research project will expand the scope of the National Justice Database, the nation's first multi-site database to track police behavior such as stops and use of force, and it will assess how common policies and procedures in policing influence racially disparate outcomes. The project will promote the development and validation of a nationally standardized approach to police stop data collection, analysis, and interpretation. It will enhance basic understanding of individual, organizational, and systemic discrimination as well as the interactions among those levels. The project will provide new insights that will inform interventions and strategies to bridge the divide between police officers and the communities they serve. The project will help transform the National Justice Database into a tool that can inform interventions and strategies as well as determine the success rates of strategies and interventions devised by police departments. By studying policies, with a particular focus on those directed toward training, accountability, community-oriented policing, "hot-spot" policing, calls for service, and other deployment strategies, the project can help identify which policies are most successful at reducing racial disparities and what conditions moderate that relationship. This knowledge will assist in reducing racial profiling and bolster equitable policing.This project will examine how common policies in policing influence racially disparate outcomes across formal policy, organizational climate, geospatial, and community-guided police activity domains. This investigators will use an interdisciplinary approach to identify specific mechanisms of policing that can contribute to more or less unequal outcomes. By examining outcomes across these domains, they will provide a large multi-site assessment of how organizational policy produces racially disparate outcomes, with special attention given toward identifying how to reduce those disparities. The investigators will draw heavily on theoretical frameworks from social psychology, economics, and sociology, such as implicit bias, resource efficiency, and social stratification. They will trace causal chains from police department (and related municipal and state) policies (such as training and supervision) through the social and organizational attitudinal climates of departments in order to examine how these policies and climates interact with different deployment approaches (such as "hot spot" and proactive policing) to affect outcomes for citizens, especially racially and ethnically discriminatory outcomes in stops, searches, arrests, and excessive use of force. This project is supported through the NSF Interdisciplinary Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (IBSS) competition.