The Origins and Consequences of Spatial Inequality.

空间不平等是许多低收入国家发展危机的核心。缺乏空间包容性不仅是经济增长和一体化的重大障碍，而且越来越多地与内战和国家失败联系在一起。PI分析了国家内部不平等的历史根源，重点是世纪全球对经济作物和矿物需求的增长，欧洲殖民化以及初级商品生产经济专业化的空间后果（例如，可可、铜、咖啡、钻石等）。殖民地对初级商品生产的投资具有高度地方化的性质，这播下了区域不平等和社会分裂的种子，至今仍能感受到。这种分析不仅使我们能够更好地理解空间不平等的根本原因及其对政治不稳定和内战的影响，而且还能确定民主化、经济自由化和外国援助等政策干预在多大程度上扭转了这一历史遗产，并建立了更具包容性和一体化的经济体和国家。 该项目将产生一个关于撒哈拉以南非洲40个国家殖民主义结束时初级商品生产的综合地理空间数据集。该项目的目的是更好地了解（1）非洲空间不平等的根源和后果;（2）初级商品生产对民族政治谈判和冲突的影响;（3）政策干预对减少不均衡发展的殖民遗留问题的影响。PI系统地参考了殖民地政府在殖民地后期制作的地理参考和地图、地图集、人口普查记录和经济报告以及同时期的学术资料。这种关于经济作物生产、采矿和其他初级经济生产领域的高度颗粒化数据将以5x 5公里的空间分辨率生成，并以25 x25公里和当前二级行政单位进行汇总。该方案将把这些关于初级商品生产的数据与关于电气化、获得公共服务、冲突事件和暴力、族裔包容、关于国家能力和合法性看法的调查数据以及农业生产的当代地理空间数据相结合，以揭示殖民经济开采和随时间变化的路径依赖效应。他们预计，这些数据和数据的可视化将成为学生、学者和政策制定者的宝贵资源，他们有兴趣更好地了解经济地理、国家建设和长期发展之间的联系。

General SummarySpatial inequality is the heart of the development crises in many low income countries. The lack of spatial inclusion represents not only a significant barrier to economic growth and integration but is increasingly linked to civil war and state failure. The PI analyzes the historical origins of within-country inequality, focusing on the rise of global demand for cash crops and minerals in the 19th century, European colonization and the spatial consequences of economic specialization in primary commodity production (e.g., cocoa, copper, coffee, diamonds, etc.). The highly localized nature of colonial investments in primary commodity production sowed the seeds of regional inequality and societal divisions that are still felt today. This analysis not only enables us to better understand the underlying causes of spatial inequality and its effects on political instability and civil war, but to determine the degree to which policy interventions, such as democratization, economic liberalization, and foreign aid, are reversing this historical legacy and building more inclusive and integrated economies and states. Technical SummaryThis project will produce a comprehensive geospatial dataset of primary commodity production at the end of colonialism across 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the project is to better understand (1) the origins and consequences of spatial inequality in Africa; (2) the effect of primary commodity production on ethno-political bargaining and conflict; and (3) the impact policy interventions on reducing the colonial legacy of uneven development. The PIs systematically geo-reference and digitize maps, atlases, census records and economic reports produced by the colonial governments in the late colonial period as well as contemporaneous academic sources. This highly granular data on areas of cash crop production, mining, and other primary economic production will be generated at a spatial resolution of 5x5 km as well as aggregated up to 25x25 km and current second-level administrative units. The PIs will combine this data on primary commodity production with contemporary geospatial data on electrification, access to public services, conflict events and violence, ethnic inclusion, survey data on perceptions of state capacity and legitimacy, and agricultural production to unravel the path dependent effects of colonial economic extraction and change over time. They anticipate that the data and visualization of the data will serve as valuable resource for students, scholars and policy-makers alike, who are interested in better understanding the link between economic geography, state-building and long-run development.