Air pollution, environmental justice and urban form

空气污染、环境正义和城市形态

• 批准号: 1631964
• 负责人: Julian Marshall
• 金额: $ 5.89万
• 依托单位: University of Washington
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-01-25 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1631964&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Air; pollution; environmental; justice; urban

1236800 (Marshall). Outdoor air pollution is among the top 10 causes of mortality in the U.S. (and is the largest environmental cause), annually responsible for ~1% of total deaths. Those health risks are not evenly distributed among the population. An important aspect of sustainable development is to understand how urban design and urban environments can help meet social and ?fairness? goals, including avoiding large imbalances in environmental risks among subpopulations?especially along lines of race or income. This project will uncover new relationships among air pollution, demographic attributes relevant to environmental justice, and the spatial layout of urban areas; and will develop an education and outreach program to engage disadvantaged youths. Objectives are to (1) characterize spatial patterns in air pollution concentrations throughout the U.S., and over time, (2) characterize spatial relationships between air pollution and demographic attributes relevant to environmental justice (EJ), covering multiple spatial scales (national, state, county, and urban); (3) identify how shifts in the spatial layout of cities relate to air pollution metrics relevant for EJ; and (4) integrate research findings into education and outreach. The research approach uses an air pollution model that incorporates available demographic data (US Census) and pollution measurements by the U.S. EPA, satellite-based measures of air pollution, and information about land uses (e.g., roads, built-up areas, parks). The model offers spatial precision and therefore provides a good basis for predicting how concentrations vary among communities. New knowledge generated will be integrated into education and outreach activities, including a program to engage high school students in disadvantaged communities and challenge them to investigate and address EJ conditions locally. Targeted results will generate new knowledge relevant to EJ conditions, how they are changing, and how they relate to urban form. Research and outreach activities will identify and test potential solutions. The project will provide observational evidence relating air pollution and demographic attributes such as race and income; and, will explore how those relationships (i) vary with spatial scale of analysis (from within-urban to national-scale) and over time, and (ii) correlate with the spatial layout of urban areas. The combination of available data, including new satellite measurements, with cutting-edge, high-resolution pollution models will provide a novel approach for understanding these issues. It is anticipated that findings will advance theory and practice in environmental sustainability by exploring a long-term factor influencing air pollution (urban form) and by uncovering equity aspects of environmental impacts. The high-precision air pollution models to be developed have the potential to be useful to researchers in outside fields such as environmental epidemiology and environmental economics. Findings will be integrated into existing curricula and programs aimed at increasing science and engineering enrollment of underrepresented students. A new program will challenge students to explore community-scale solutions. Research findings, quantifying conditions relevant to EJ for cities and regions throughout U.S., will be shared directly with local, state, and national environmental policy makers. An interactive website will allow the public to explore spatially precise estimates of long-term air pollution in their neighborhood.

1236800（马歇尔）。 室外空气污染是美国十大死亡原因之一（也是最大的环境原因），每年约占总死亡人数的 1%。这些健康风险在人群中的分布并不均匀。可持续发展的一个重要方面是了解城市设计和城市环境如何帮助满足社会和“公平”的要求。目标，包括避免亚人群之间环境风险的巨大不平衡——特别是在种族或收入方面。该项目将揭示空气污染、与环境正义相关的人口属性以及城市地区的空间布局之间的新关系；并将制定一项教育和外展计划，吸引弱势青年参与。目标是 (1) 描述美国各地空气污染浓度的空间模式，以及随着时间的推移，(2) 描述空气污染和与环境正义 (EJ) 相关的人口属性之间的空间关系，涵盖多个空间尺度（国家、州、县和城市）； (3) 确定城市空间布局的变化如何与 EJ 相关的空气污染指标相关； (4) 将研究成果纳入教育和推广。该研究方法使用空气污染模型，该模型结合了可用的人口数据（美国人口普查）和美国环保署的污染测量数据、基于卫星的空气污染测量数据以及有关土地利用的信息（例如道路、建成区、公园）。该模型提供了空间精度，因此为预测社区之间的浓度变化提供了良好的基础。产生的新知识将被纳入教育和外展活动中，包括一项让弱势社区的高中生参与并挑战他们调查和解决当地 EJ 状况的计划。有针对性的结果将产生与 EJ 条件、它们如何变化以及它们如何与城市形态相关的新知识。研究和推广活动将确定并测试潜在的解决方案。 该项目将提供有关空气污染和种族和收入等人口特征的观察证据；并且，将探讨这些关系（i）如何随着分析的空间规模（从城市内部到全国范围）和时间的推移而变化，以及（ii）与城市地区的空间布局的相关性。现有数据（包括新的卫星测量数据）与尖端的高分辨率污染模型的结合将为理解这些问题提供一种新方法。预计研究结果将通过探索影响空气污染（城市形态）的长期因素和揭示环境影响的公平方面来推进环境可持续性的理论和实践。即将开发的高精度空气污染模型有可能对环境流行病学和环境经济学等外部领域的研究人员有用。研究结果将被纳入现有课程和计划中，旨在增加代表性不足的学生的科学和工程入学率。一项新计划将挑战学生探索社区规模的解决方案。研究结果量化了美国各城市和地区与 EJ 相关的条件，将直接与地方、州和国家环境政策制定者分享。一个互动网站将允许公众探索对其附近长期空气污染的空间精确估计。