CAREER: BrCl and Other Highly Reactive Brominating Agents in Disinfected Waters: Implications for Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control

标题：职业：消毒水中的BrCL和其他高活性溴化剂：对消毒副产品形成和控制的影响PI名称：John D.SiveProposal编号：CBET-1651536溴几乎存在于所有天然水中。当这些水在用作饮用水或游泳池之前经过消毒后，溴可以转化为几种高活性的溴化剂。该项目的主要目标将是了解这些溴化剂如何与自然产生的有机化合物反应，产生潜在的有毒消毒副产品。在教育推广计划中，六年级的数学学生将探索线性函数如何对科学和工程至关重要。这个项目的首要目标是使用基于探究的、动手操作的水化学活动，帮助六年级学生将他们所学的数学与现实世界的科学问题和职业联系起来。氯化饮用水中的活性溴通常被认为是高溴；然而，当含溴的水被氯消毒时，很容易形成其他几种溴，包括BrCL、BrOCl和Br2O(统称为BRX)。尽管BRX对一系列有机化合物具有很高的活性，但它对溴化消毒副产物(DBPs)形成的影响却鲜有人关注。该项目将量化单个BRX物种对几类DBPs的生成率、产量和产品分布的影响，包括三卤代甲烷、卤代乙酸、卤代酚和卤代水杨酸。腐植酸、天然有机物替代品和天然地表水将作为有机DBP前体的来源。实验数据将被用来开发描述溴形态对DBP形成的影响的模型。通过评估溴形态对DBP生成的影响，PI将寻求提高我们对DBP生成和控制措施的理解。随着人类活动、人口增长和气候变化增加饮用水中的卤化物水平(这反过来又会促进BRX的形成)，了解溴化过程的重要性将特别尖锐。增加对DBP化学的了解将促进与社会相关的成果，特别是饮用水供应的可持续性以及其他消毒水系统(例如废水、压载水、海水淡化系统和游泳池)的环境管理。这个项目的教育部分将包括一个跨学科的K-12推广计划，名为“色彩与光的数学”。这个项目将为六年级的数学学生提供动手的、基于探究的学习活动，并将强调光吸收和线性函数的概念。该计划将强调漂白剂在水处理中的作用。高中理科学生、本科生研究人员和K-12教师将担任这一计划的共同协调人。总体而言，这个项目将在五年内影响大约600名中学生、60名高中协理教师、几名K-12教师和12名本科生。

Title: CAREER: BrCl and Other Highly Reactive Brominating Agents in Disinfected Waters: Implications for Disinfection By-Product Formation and ControlPI Name: John D. SiveyProposal Number: CBET - 1651536 Bromide is present in virtually all natural waters. When these waters are disinfected prior to use as drinking water or in swimming pools, bromide can be converted into several highly reactive brominating agents. The primary objective of this project will be to understand how these brominating agents can react with naturally occurring organic compounds to generate potentially toxic disinfection by-products. In the educational outreach program sixth-grade math students will explore how linear functions are essential to science and engineering. The overarching goal of this program will be to use inquiry-based, hands-on water chemistry activities to help sixth-grade students connect the mathematics they are learning to real-world scientific questions and careers.The reactive bromine species in chlorinated drinking water is typically assumed to be HOBr; nevertheless, several additional bromine species can readily form when bromide-containing waters are disinfected with chlorine, including BrCl, BrOCl, and Br2O (collectively, BrX). Despite being highly reactive toward a range of organic compounds, the influence of BrX on formation of brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) has received little attention. This project will quantify the influence of individual BrX species on formation rates, yields, and product distributions of several classes of DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, halophenols, and halosalicylic acids. Humic acid, natural organic matter surrogates, and natural surface waters will serve as sources of organic DBP precursors. Experimental data will be used to develop models describing the effects of bromine speciation on DBP formation. By evaluating the influence of bromine speciation on DBP formation, the PI will seek to improve our understanding of DBP generation and control measures. As human activities, population growth, and climate change increase halide levels in drinking water (which can, in turn, promote formation of BrX), the importance of understanding bromination processes will be particularly acute. Increased understanding of DBP chemistry will promote societally relevant outcomes, notably the sustainability of drinking water supplies as well as environmental stewardship of other disinfected aqueous systems (e.g., wastewater, ballast water, desalination systems, and swimming pools). The educational component of this project will involve an interdisciplinary K-12 outreach program, entitled "The Mathematics of Color and Light." This program will deliver hands-on, inquiry-based learning activities to sixth-grade math students and will emphasize concepts of light absorption and linear functions. The program will emphasize the role of bleach in water treatment. High school science students, undergraduate researchers, and K-12 teachers will serve as co-facilitators of this program. In total, this project will impact approximately 600 middle school students, 60 high school co-facilitators, several K-12 teachers, and 12 undergraduate students over five years.