The Downside of Smelling for Danger: Fitness Costs of Plant Defense Priming via Plant-Plant Volatile Signaling

植物可以检测到环境中空气中的化学物质，这些化学物质表明即将到来的压力，并在经历压力之前准备防御。这种现象被称为“启动”。本项目探讨的分子模式的反应指示启动使用现场观察和受控环境实验。由于生态学理论预测，应该有一个成本启动，启动对植物生长，繁殖和草食率的影响的测量将被用来确定启动的成本和效益。最后，将检查引发和未引发植物的后代以确定引发植物的后代是否比未引发植物的后代更好地防御。该项目将继续“百万叶项目”，这是一个由首席研究员开发的科学讲习班，通过教授一种测量和分析植物及其叶子所经历的损害的经验方法，向公民和小学生介绍植物-昆虫相互作用。参与者收集自己的数据，以探索昆虫消费者对植物施加了多大的压力，因此植物的化学防御和感官知觉可能是如何进化的。这项研究的结果也可以应用于诱导更大的抗草食性农作物，从而减少损失pests. Principle的目标，本研究的主要目的是测试健身成本和分子模式与防御引发下控制和田间条件下，在两个不同的基因型蔷薇科植物：拟南芥和菜豆。 大量证据表明，植物对某些挥发性有机化合物（VOC），如来自其邻居或其自身远端部分的食草动物诱导的植物挥发物（HIPV），通过“引发”（即，准备）他们的防御。然而，挥发物相关的分子模式（VAMPs）指示启动是不为人所知。此外，生态学理论预测，诱导过程应该产生健身成本，但目前有有限的证据来支持这一预测方面的HIPV介导的启动。该项目将测试这样的假设，即对HIPV作出反应的植物将产生可测量的适应性成本，其将比诱导抗性的成本不那么严重，并且HIPV引发的植物将产生具有指示引发的改变的生理学的后代（即，他们将被“准备好被准备好”）。这个项目将解决我们对防御启动的理解中的一个关键空白。该项目包括博士后、研究生和本科生培训。本科生将需要从历史上代表性不足的群体在路易斯维尔大学的多元化人口。 通过“百万叶项目”，参与者学习量化食草动物对叶子的损害，并制定自己的关于植物-食草动物相互作用的生态学和进化的假设。

Plants can detect airborne chemicals in their environment that are indicative of impending stress and prepare defenses prior to experiencing the stress. This phenomenon has been termed "priming". This project explores the molecular patterns of response indicative of priming using both field observations and controlled environment experiments. Since ecological theory predicts that there should be a cost to priming, measurements of the effects of priming on plant growth, reproduction and rates of herbivory will be used to determine both the costs and benefits of priming. Finally, the progeny of primed and non-primed plants will be examined to determine if the offspring of primed plants are better defended than offspring from non-primed plants. This project will continue the "Million Leaf Project", which is a science workshop developed by the lead investigator to introduce citizens and grade school students to plant-insect interactions by teaching an experiential approach to both measure and analyze the damage experienced by plants and their leaves. Participants collect their own data to explore how much pressure insect consumers put on plants, and therefore how plant chemical defenses and sensory perception might have evolved. The results of this research may also be applied to inducing greater resistance to herbivory in agricultural crops, thereby reducing losses to pests.The principle objective of this study is to test fitness costs and molecular patterns associated with defense priming under controlled and field conditions in two phylogenetically disparate Rosids: Arabidopsis thaliana and Phaseolus lunatus. Overwhelming evidence exists that plants respond to certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) from their neighbors or distal parts of themselves by "priming" (i.e., preparing) their defenses. However, the volatile-associated molecular patterns (VAMPs) indicative of priming are not well known. Moreover, ecological theory predicts that induced processes should incur fitness costs, but there is currently limited evidence to support this prediction with respect to HIPV-mediated priming. The project will test the hypothesis that plants responding to HIPVs will incur measurable fitness costs that will be less severe than costs of induced resistance, and that HIPV-primed plants will produce offspring with altered physiology indicative of priming (i.e., they will be "Primed to be Primed"). This project will address a key gap in our understanding of defense priming. The project includes post-doctoral, graduate and undergraduate training. Undergraduates will be required from a diverse population of historically underrepresented groups at the University of Louisville. Citizen science outreach is included through the "Million Leaf Project" where participants learn to quantify herbivore damage to leaves and develop their own hypotheses related to the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions.