Grammar and multilingual practices through the lens of everyday interaction in two endangered languages in the East Tukano family

在高度多语言的环境中，说话者如何以及为什么在多种语言之间交替，人们知之甚少。该项目将通过记录说多种语言的人在一个区域系统中的日常互动，促进对多种语言的科学理解。该项目将制作一份注释丰富的视听记录，记录在极其复杂的语言环境中日常对话中的语言使用情况。结果将增加对双语和多种语言的科学理解，促进包括语言学、心理学、神经科学和教育在内的多个领域的国家利益。该项目的广泛影响是广泛的。有一名全职博士后研究员和两名研究生的国际实地工作机会，以及一组土著研究人员的语言文献培训。将为两个濒危语言社区合作制作语言维护材料。该项目将通过开发和传播记录对话互动的语言文件方法来推动这一学科的发展。促进美国和巴西学术机构之间的新的国际合作也将是结果。该项目将是亚马逊西北部沃佩·S地区第一个以多种语言和日常互动为重点的项目。研究小组将在两种濒危的东图卡诺语Kotiria(Wanano)和WA‘ikhana(Piratapuyo)的多语种使用者中收集大量的初级视频数据。数据将通过三个地区性分网站收集，包括自然对话的自发录音、由两名或更多发言者进行互动任务的计划会议，以及半结构化社会语言学访谈。一组土著研究人员将接受培训，使用创新的口头注释方法收集、处理和注释录像对话，参与分析并帮助加快原始数据的处理。由此产生的多语种视听语料库将揭示说Kotiria和Wa‘ikhana的人在日常对话中使用多种语言的程度和目的。该小组对这些数据的分析将有助于制定一个更有力的理论框架，以了解和记录小规模系统和濒危语言环境中的多语种做法。文件记录还将有助于对可能通过面对面互动形成的语法方面进行更细粒度的调查，例如使用证据(表示说话者关于事件的知识来源的强制性标记)，从而增加对其含义和功能的理论描述。结合会话分析(会话顺序分析)、语言人类学(人种学描述)、语言文献(语料库创建)和提供类型信息的语法描述等方法，研究人员将提供更广泛和丰富的语法结构分析，并在亚马逊西北部多语言地区开创会话互动的先河。

Little is known about how and why speakers alternate among multiple languages in highly multilingual contexts. This project will advance scientific understanding of multilingualism by documenting everyday interactions among multilingual speakers in one such regional system. The project will produce a richly annotated audiovisual record of language use in everyday conversation as used in an extremely complex linguistic environment. Results will increase scientific understanding of bilingualism and multilingualism, advancing the national interest in multiple fields, including linguistics, psychology, neuroscience and education. Broader impacts of the project are extensive. There are international fieldwork opportunities for a full-time post-doctoral researcher and two graduate students and language documentation training for a team of indigenous researchers. Language maintenance materials will be collaboratively produced for two endangered language communities. The project will advance the discipline by its development and dissemination of language documentation methods for documenting conversational interactions. Fostering a new international collaboration between U.S. and Brazilian academic institutions will also be a result. This project will be the first of its kind to focus on multilingualism and everyday interaction in the Vaupés region of northwestern Amazonia. The research team will collect extensive amounts of primary video data among multilingual speakers of two endangered East Tukano languages, Kotiria (Wanano) and Wa'ikhana (Piratapuyo). Data will be collected across three regional subsites, combining spontaneous recording of naturally-occurring conversations, planned sessions with two or more speakers conducting interactive tasks, and semi-structured sociolinguistic interviews. A team of indigenous researchers will be trained to collect, process, and annotate video-recorded conversations using the innovative oral annotation method, both participating in analysis and helping to expedite processing of the primary data. The resulting multilingual audiovisual corpus will reveal to what extent and for which purposes speakers of Kotiria and Wa'ikhana employ elements of multiple languages in everyday conversation. The team's analysis of these data will contribute to the development of a more robust theoretical framework for understanding and documenting multilingual practices in small-scale systems and endangered language contexts. The documentary record will also facilitate more fine-grained investigation of aspects of grammar that may be shaped by face-to-face interaction, such as the use of evidentials (obligatory markers expressing the speaker's source of knowledge about an event), thus adding to theoretical accounts of their meaning and functions. Integrating methods from conversation analysis (sequential analysis of conversation), linguistic anthropology (ethnographic description), language documentation (corpus creation), and typologically-informed grammatical description, the researchers will provide expanded and enriched analyses of grammatical structure and create a pioneering profile of conversational interaction in the multilingual northwest Amazon.