RAPID: Building Community Resilience: Understanding Homeowner Response to Extreme Events

加强社区对自然灾害的复原力在所有社区都很重要，包括在居民区。在某些情况下，房主可能在灾害事件中幸存下来，但仍然遭受重大的直接和间接损失，当这些损失累积到整个社区时，可能会阻碍重大灾难后的恢复。为了减少未来的损失，可能需要房主采取自愿行动，以降低其住所的风险。这项研究将侧重于包括宗教信仰在内的社会和文化因素在激励房主积极主动方面的作用。这项研究将在海地两个社区进行房主调查，这两个社区的居民区分别在2016年的S飓风马修和2010年的地震中遭到破坏。了解这些极其脆弱的房主的态度和行为，反过来可以为鼓励美国类似社区主动降低风险的努力提供参考。这些发现将为规划的发展提供信息，使文化和社会机构能够超越其作为响应和恢复的关键参与者的历史角色，成为主动降低风险的驱动力。业主降低飓风和地震等自然灾害风险的决定可能受到复杂的社会、经济和政治力量的制约，包括重要社会和文化机构的作用。这些机构的具体做法即使在特定类型的机构内也可能有很大的不同，并可能与追随者对各种危险的姿态相应地不同有关。例如，最近的(例如，卡特里娜飓风)和更久远的美国灾难历史表明，机构隶属关系可能会影响风险寻求/规避行为。这项研究特别关注宗教信仰在确定房主机构重建弹性方面的作用。测试其对降低房主风险行为的影响的其他变量包括先前灾难破坏的严重程度(通过工程法医评估量化)、对未来自然灾害风险的看法，以及自先前灾难经历以来经过的时间。本次调查中使用的数据将来自面对面的房主调查，这些调查分发给海地人口结构相似的莱凯和利奥甘两个社区中每个社区的500名独户住宅主要决策者。2016年S飓风马修过后，莱凯的居民正处于恢复的早期阶段，降低风险的意图可以被记录下来。相比之下，在2010年地震的震中利奥甘，受访者有六年的时间来完成重建步骤，并展示降低风险的行动，从而可以对家庭恢复的意图和行动进行比较评估。鉴于缺乏准确的人口普查数据进行随机抽样，受访者是通过修改后的随机游走方案挑选出来的。数据分析包括两个社区的基本描述性统计数据(频率和交叉表)，以及结构性风险缓解指数的多变量分析，结构性风险缓解指数是房主对增强韧性的建设做出积极反应的量化指标。

Strengthening community resilience to natural disasters is important in all communities, including in the residential sector. In some instances, homeowners may survive a hazard event yet still experience significant direct and indirect losses that, when aggregated over entire communities, can impede recovery following major disasters. Reduction of future losses may require homeowners to undertake voluntary actions to reduce risks to their residences. This research will focus on the role of social and cultural factors, including religiosity, in motivating homeowners to be proactive. This research will conduct homeowner surveys in two Haitian communities whose residential sectors were respectively devastated by 2016's Hurricane Matthew and the 2010 Earthquake. Understanding the attitudes and behaviors of these extremely vulnerable homeowners can in turn inform efforts to encourage proactive risk reduction among similar communities in the United States. Such findings will inform the development of programming enabling cultural and social institutions to move beyond their historical roles as key actors in response and recovery and become drivers of proactive risk reduction.Homeowner decisions to reduce risk to natural hazards like hurricanes and earthquakes are likely constrained by complex social, economic, and political forces, including the role of important social and cultural institutions. The specific practices of these institutions may vary considerably even within those of a particular type, and may be associated with corresponding differences in the posture of adherents towards various hazards. The recent (e.g., Hurricane Katrina) and more distant history of US disasters has shown, for example, that institutional affiliation may inform risk seeking/avoidance behavior. This study pays particular attention to the role of religiosity in determining homeowner agency to rebuild for resiliency. Other variables tested for their effects on risk-reducing homeowner behavior include the severity of prior disaster damage (quantified by engineering forensic assessments), perceptions of future natural hazard risk, and time elapsed since prior disaster experience. Data used in this investigation will be generated from face-to-face homeowner surveys distributed to 500 primary decision makers of single family residences in each of the two demographically similar communities in Haiti, Les Cayes and Leogane. Residents of Les Cayes are in the early stages of recovery following 2016's Hurricane Matthew, where intent toward risk reducing construction can be documented. By contrast, respondents in Leogane, the epicenter of the 2010 Earthquake, have had six years to navigate the steps of rebuilding and demonstrate actions toward risk reduction, allowing a comparative evaluation between intent and action in household recovery. Given the lack of accurate census data for random sampling, respondents are selected through modified random walk protocols. Data analysis includes basic descriptive statistics (frequencies and cross-tabs) for the two communities and multivariate analysis on the Structural Risk Mitigation Index, a quantitative indicator of the homeowner's proactive response toward resilience-enhancing construction.