Collaborative Research: Physical parameters controlling viral DNA packaging and ejection

病毒是一种小型传染性病原体，只能在其他生物体的活细胞内复制，可以感染所有类型的生命形式。这项研究将提高对许多病毒生命周期中关键步骤的理解，病毒组装过程中DNA的包装和宿主细胞感染过程中DNA的排出，以及这些过程如何依赖于紧密包装的DNA的物理行为。该项目不仅将揭示病毒的基本生物学，还将揭示紧密限制的DNA的物理学和运输DNA的生物分子马达的调节。 研究生和本科生将接受物理技术应用于生物学研究的跨学科培训，并将开发新的实验室课程材料。将开展K-12外展活动，并评估小学教育材料，包括科学书籍，工具包和游戏的质量和科学准确性，以向学校和博物馆提供在线推荐。最近的研究表明，细菌病毒中双链DNA包装的动力学受紧密包装的DNA的动力学和能量学的支配。在待研究的生物学体系中，由于DNA与自身的排斥作用，DNA只会非常缓慢地向平衡构象松弛。在感染宿主细胞的过程中，抵抗DNA限制的巨大力量逐渐形成，并在随后帮助驱动排出。噬菌体phi 29将作为一个模型系统进行研究，单个DNA分子的包装将直接测量与光镊。包装动力学对初始电机速度的依赖性，依赖于ATP浓度，将进行研究。假设较低的初始速度，以减少非常不利的DNA构象的形成，产生减少的异质性的动力学，较低的相对较慢的填充过程中，和较少的电机暂停，滑动，和失速。待检验的假设是门静脉马达的变构调节通过降低马达速度以减轻不利DNA构象的形成来帮助包装尽可能快地完成。如何包装动力学，力，DNA松弛取决于温度和离子条件也将进行研究。电机速度随温度显著增加，并且在填充期间电机减慢取决于离子屏蔽条件。虽然更快的初速度可能会导致填充过程中更大的相对减慢，但温度升高或离子筛选可能会加速DNA松弛。 包装条件和老化如何影响DNA排出和病毒感染性也将进行研究。包装和老化过程中影响DNA构象的条件可能会影响DNA排出。增加抵抗包装的力或减少DNA弛豫时间的条件可以增强排出。将通过检查这些参数对病毒感染性的影响来研究它们的生物学影响。

Viruses are small infectious agents that only replicate inside the living cells of other organisms and can infect all types of life forms. This research will improve the understanding of key steps in the life-cycle of many viruses, the packaging of the DNA during viral assembly and the ejection of the DNA during infection of a host cell, as well as how these processes depend on the physical behavior of the tightly packed DNA. The project will not only shed light on the fundamental biology of viruses, but also on the physics of tightly confined DNA and the regulation of biological molecular motors which transport DNA. Graduate and undergraduate students will receive interdisciplinary training in the application of physics techniques to biology research and new experimental laboratory course materials will also be developed. K-12 outreach activities will be conducted and grade-school educational materials, including science books, kits, and games, will be evaluated for quality and scientific accuracy to provide online recommendations to schools and museums.Recent studies have shown that the kinetics of the packaging of double stranded DNA in bacterial viruses is dominated by the dynamics and energetics of the tightly packed DNA. In the biological regime to be studied, with repulsive DNA-self interactions, the DNA relaxes only very slowly towards an equilibrium conformation. Large forces build that resist DNA confinement and later help drive ejection during infection of a host cell. Bacteriophage phi29 will be studied as a model system and the packaging of single DNA molecules will be directly measured with optical tweezers. The dependence of packaging kinetics on initial motor velocity, dependent on ATP concentration, will be studied. Lower initial velocity is hypothesized to reduce formation of highly unfavorable DNA conformations, yielding decreased heterogeneity in the dynamics, lower relative slowing during filling, and less motor pausing, slipping, and stalling. A hypothesis to be tested is that allosteric regulation of the portal motor helps packaging complete as fast as possible by throttling down the motor velocity to mitigate formation of unfavorable DNA conformations. How packaging kinetics, force, and DNA relaxation depend on temperature and ionic conditions will also be studied. Motor velocity increases significantly with temperature, and motor slowing during filling depends on ionic screening conditions. Whereas faster initial velocity may cause greater relative slowing during filling, increased temperature or ionic screening may accelerate DNA relaxation. How packaging conditions and aging affect DNA ejection and viral infectivity will also be studied. Conditions affecting the DNA conformation during packaging, and aging, may impact DNA ejection. Conditions that increase forces resisting packaging or decrease DNA relaxation time may enhance ejection. The biological impact of these parameters will be investigated by examining their effects on virus infectivity.