Collaborative Research: A Comprehensive Picture of Black Hole Growth Over Cosmic Time: a multi-wavelength synthesis approach

合作研究：宇宙时间内黑洞增长的全面图景：多波长合成方法

• 批准号: 1715512
• 负责人: C. Megan Urry
• 金额: $ 37.7万
• 依托单位: Yale University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-07-01 至 2022-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1715512&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Comprehensive; Picture; Black

Black holes form when gravity pulls enormous amounts of matter into a small enough volume. Predicted by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, they were first detected in astronomical observations of a special kind of galaxy called an "active galaxy"---distinguished by the fact that a very big black hole at its center is growing at a rapid rate and radiating enough light to heat the entire galaxy. From detailed measurements of that light in thousands of active galaxies, the investigators will learn when and where these black holes grew over the past 13 billion years of cosmic time. They will also connect that growth to measurements of the black hole masses at different epochs in order to form a comprehensive understanding of how and when black holes grew and how much energy was radiated into the galaxy as a result. This in turn supplies a vital ingredient to theorists' models of how galaxies like our own Milky Way formed and evolved. This project will advance discovery while promoting teaching, training, learning and excellence through a collaboration with the Meyerhoff Scholars program at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. This proposal will identify up to 16,000 active galaxies in three surveys (called GOODS, COSMOS, and Stripe 82X), which have complementary combinations of depth (sensitivity) and area on the sky. The active galaxies will be identified by the amount of X-ray light they emit. Their distances will be measured using optical and infrared spectroscopic observations at large telescopes to determine the redshift (i.e., the wavelength shift of atomic emission or absorption lines) of a large fraction of the active galaxies. For the rest, the investigators will estimate redshifts by analyzing the total infrared, optical, and ultraviolet light that they emit. Catalogs listing the X-ray, infrared, and optical brightness of each active galaxy will be made publicly available, along with their redshifts, so that anyone can mine the data to answer other astronomical questions. In this project, the investigators will analyze the overall spectral energy distribution of each active galaxy to deduce its dust and gas content. For selected subsets of data, the investigators will measure key characteristics like black hole mass, luminosity, amount of dust and gas (important for understanding whether any light is occluded), black hole growth rate, and the number of other galaxies near each active galaxy. The investigators will combine these measurements to model the growth of black holes over time, constrained by the data acquired. The investigators will also search for evidence of the interplay between black hole growth at the center of the active galaxy and star formation throughout the active galaxy; this will be most apparent in massive galaxies, like our own Milky Way. All these investigations will be published and made openly available to everyone.

当引力将大量物质拉入一个足够小的体积时，黑洞就形成了。根据爱因斯坦广义相对论的预测，它们首先是在对一种被称为“活动星系”的特殊星系的天文观测中被发现的——它的特点是，在它的中心有一个非常大的黑洞，正在以快速的速度增长，并辐射出足够的光来加热整个星系。通过对数千个活跃星系的光的详细测量，研究人员将了解这些黑洞在过去130亿年的宇宙时间里是何时何地形成的。他们还将把这种增长与不同时期黑洞质量的测量结果联系起来，以便全面了解黑洞是如何以及何时增长的，以及有多少能量被辐射到星系中。这反过来又为理论学家关于像我们银河系这样的星系是如何形成和演化的模型提供了重要的成分。该项目将通过与马里兰大学巴尔的摩县迈耶霍夫学者项目的合作，推进发现，同时促进教学、培训、学习和卓越。这个提议将通过三个巡天（GOODS， COSMOS和Stripe 82X）来识别多达16000个活跃星系，这三个巡天在深度（灵敏度）和天空面积上具有互补的组合。活动星系将通过它们发出的x射线的数量来识别。它们的距离将通过大型望远镜的光学和红外光谱观测来测量，以确定大部分活跃星系的红移（即原子发射或吸收线的波长移动）。对于其余的部分，研究人员将通过分析它们发出的红外线、可见光和紫外光的总量来估计红移。列出每个活动星系的x射线、红外线和光学亮度的目录将与它们的红移一起公开，这样任何人都可以挖掘这些数据来回答其他天文问题。在这个项目中，研究人员将分析每个活动星系的整体光谱能量分布，以推断其尘埃和气体的含量。对于选定的数据子集，研究人员将测量关键特征，如黑洞质量，光度，尘埃和气体的数量（对于了解是否有任何光线被遮挡很重要），黑洞增长率以及每个活动星系附近其他星系的数量。研究人员将结合这些测量结果，在获得的数据的限制下，建立黑洞随时间增长的模型。研究人员还将寻找活动星系中心的黑洞生长与整个活动星系的恒星形成之间相互作用的证据；这在大质量星系中最为明显，比如我们的银河系。所有这些调查都将公布，并向所有人公开。

项目成果

Dying of the Light: An X-Ray Fading Cold Quasar at z ∼ 0.405

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abb94a
• 发表时间: 2020-09
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: K. Cooke;A. Kirkpatrick;M. Estrada;H. Messias;A. Peca;N. Cappelluti;T. Ananna;J. Brewster;E. Glikman;S. LaMassa;T. K. Daisy Leung;J. Trump;Tracey Jane Turner;C. Urry

The Accretion History of AGNs. I. Supermassive Black Hole Population Synthesis Model

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aafb77
• 发表时间: 2018-10
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: Tonima Tasnim Ananna;E. Treister;C. Megan Urry;C. Ricci;A. Kirkpatrick;S. LaMassa;J. Buchner;F. Civano;M. Tremmel;S. Marchesi

Accretion History of AGNs. III. Radiative Efficiency and AGN Contribution to Reionization

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abb815
• 发表时间: 2020-09
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: T. Ananna;C. Urry;E. Treister;R. Hickox;F. Shankar;C. Ricci;N. Cappelluti;S. Marchesi;T. Turner-T.

The BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. XVIII. Searching for Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in X-Rays

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab952d
• 发表时间: 2019-12
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: Tingting Liu;M. Koss;L. Blecha;C. Ricci;B. Trakhtenbrot;R. Mushotzky;F. Harrison;K. Ichikawa;D. Kakkad;K. Oh;M. Powell;G. Privon;K. Schawinski;T. Taro Shimizu;Krista Smith;D. Stern;E. Treister;C. Urry

The Molecular Gas in the NGC 6240 Merging Galaxy System at the Highest Spatial Resolution

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab6b28
• 发表时间: 2020-01
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: E. Treister;H. Messias;G. Privon;N. Nagar;A. Medling;V. U;F. Bauer;C. Cicone;Loreto Barcos Muñoz;A. Evans;F. Muller-Sanchez;J. Comerford;L. Armus;Chin-Shin Chang;M. Koss;G. Venturi;K. Schawinski;C. Casey;C. Urry;D. Sanders;N. Scoville;K. Sheth