Cool Galactic Winds and Gas Accretion: Joint Constraints from Integral Field Spectroscopy and Pencil Beam Probes

天文学家试图了解宇宙中弥漫的气体是如何形成星系的。 在引力的作用下，所有这些气体都应该坍缩成恒星。 然而，宇宙中的大部分物质并不在恒星中，而是弥漫的气体。 此外，星系中很少有气体落入;它几乎总是流出。 需要对星系周围的扩散气体进行研究，以了解这些稀薄的蒸汽中的一小部分最终是如何形成我们今天所知道的宇宙的。 在这个项目中，鲁宾和合作者利用了对数百个星系的新观测，揭示了附近的气体。 他们的专业方法对相对大量和密集的冷气体敏感。 他们可以拍摄它的位置，并确定它相对于每个星系的速度。 其结果将是一个大的星系和气体流动的样本，为理论模型提供新的约束。 PI将从服务不足的人群中招募和培训本科生参与分析。 已经确定了适合整体研究计划的适当项目。 这些项目利用现代的探究式教学方法，将利用正在进行的斯隆数字巡天/APO邻近星系测绘（MaNGA）倡议的数据，该倡议已获得数千个邻近星系的积分场单位光谱。 Rubin和合作者将通过Na I过渡研究冷的中性气体，这可以通过地面光谱学进行。 他们将形成这种气体的二维速度图，并将其与每个星系的宽带图像进行比较。 这些数据将增加与钙II和钠I吸收光谱的样本的星系偶然对齐，背景照明类星体的补充研究。 这一补充调查将使用凯克望远镜观测进行，部分时间已被授予。 总之，这些调查将提供一个普查的发病率，形态和质量的气体流入。 他们还将讨论大规模外流是否与星系的内在属性和方向有关，以及超新星喷出物是否可以驱动这种外流的动量。 本科生将从圣地亚哥州立大学，一个联邦指定的西班牙裔服务机构招募。 本科生的研究项目将包括生成一个可扩展的凯克光谱目录，并分析MaNGA衍生的气流形态和运动学。

Astronomers seek to understand how diffuse gas throughout the Universe formed into galaxies. Under the influence of gravity alone, all this gas should have collapsed into stars. However, most of the matter in the Universe is not in stars; it is diffuse gas. Furthermore, galaxies rarely show gas falling in; it is almost always flowing out. Study of diffuse gas around galaxies is needed to understand how some small fraction of this tenuous vapor finally gave rise to the universe we know today. In this project, Rubin and collaborators take advantage of new observations of hundreds of galaxies that reveal nearby gas. Their specialized methods are sensitive to cool gas, which is relatively massive and dense. They can image its position and determine its velocity relative to each galaxy. The result will be a large sample of galaxies and gas flows to provide new constraints for theoretical models. The PI will recruit and train undergraduates from underserved populations to participate in the analysis. Suitable projects that fit into the overall research plan have been defined. These projects make use of modern, inquiry-based teaching methods.This project will draw upon data from the ongoing Sloan Digital Sky Survey / Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) initiative, which has obtained integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy of several thousand nearby galaxies. Rubin and collaborators will study cold, neutral gas via the Na I transition, which is accessible to ground-based, optical spectroscopy. They will form two dimensional velocity maps of this gas and compare them to broadband imaging of each galaxy. These data will be augmented with a complementary study of Ca II and Na I absorption spectroscopy of a sample of galaxies with fortuitously aligned, background-illuminating quasars. This complementary investigation will be performed using Keck telescope observations, for which partial time has already been awarded. Together, these investigations will provide a census of the incidence, morphology, and mass of gas inflows. They will also address whether large-scale outflows can be linked to intrinsic galaxy properties and orientation and whether supernova ejecta can plausibly drive the momentum of such outflows. Undergraduates will be recruited from San Diego State University, a federally designated Hispanic Serving Institution. Undergraduate research projects will include generating a publishable catalog of Keck spectroscopy, and analysis of MaNGA derived gas flow morphology and kinematics.