Cool Galactic Winds and Gas Accretion: Joint Constraints from Integral Field Spectroscopy and Pencil Beam Probes

天文学家试图了解宇宙中弥漫的气体是如何形成星系的。仅在引力的作用下，所有这些气体都应该坍缩成恒星。然而，宇宙中的大部分物质并不存在于恒星中；它是弥漫气体。此外，星系很少有气体落入；它几乎总是在流出。需要对星系周围的弥漫气体进行研究，以了解这些微小蒸汽中的一小部分如何最终形成我们今天所知道的宇宙。在这个项目中，鲁宾和合作者利用了对数百个星系的新观测，这些星系揭示了附近的气体。他们的专门方法对相对巨大和密集的冷气体很敏感。他们可以拍摄它的位置，并确定它相对于每个星系的速度。结果将是一个大的星系和气流样本，为理论模型提供新的约束。PI将从服务不足的人群中招募和培训大学生参与分析。已经确定了适合整体研究计划的合适项目。这些项目采用现代的探究式教学方法。该项目将利用APO （MaNGA）计划正在进行的斯隆数字巡天/测绘附近星系的数据，该计划已经获得了数千个附近星系的积分场单位（IFU）光谱。鲁宾和合作者将通过Na I跃迁研究冷的中性气体，这种跃迁可以通过地面光学光谱进行。他们将形成这种气体的二维速度图，并将其与每个星系的宽带成像进行比较。这些数据将通过对具有偶然排列的背景照明类星体的星系样本的Ca II和Na I吸收光谱的补充研究来增强。这项补充调查将使用凯克望远镜进行观测，该望远镜已经获得了部分时间。总之，这些调查将提供气体流入的发生率、形态和质量的普查。他们还将探讨大规模外流是否与星系的固有特性和方向有关，以及超新星喷发是否能合理地驱动这种外流的动量。本科生将从圣地亚哥州立大学招收，这是一所联邦指定的西班牙裔服务机构。本科研究项目将包括生成可出版的凯克光谱学目录，以及分析MaNGA衍生的气体流动形态和运动学。

Astronomers seek to understand how diffuse gas throughout the Universe formed into galaxies. Under the influence of gravity alone, all this gas should have collapsed into stars. However, most of the matter in the Universe is not in stars; it is diffuse gas. Furthermore, galaxies rarely show gas falling in; it is almost always flowing out. Study of diffuse gas around galaxies is needed to understand how some small fraction of this tenuous vapor finally gave rise to the universe we know today. In this project, Rubin and collaborators take advantage of new observations of hundreds of galaxies that reveal nearby gas. Their specialized methods are sensitive to cool gas, which is relatively massive and dense. They can image its position and determine its velocity relative to each galaxy. The result will be a large sample of galaxies and gas flows to provide new constraints for theoretical models. The PI will recruit and train undergraduates from underserved populations to participate in the analysis. Suitable projects that fit into the overall research plan have been defined. These projects make use of modern, inquiry-based teaching methods.This project will draw upon data from the ongoing Sloan Digital Sky Survey / Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) initiative, which has obtained integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy of several thousand nearby galaxies. Rubin and collaborators will study cold, neutral gas via the Na I transition, which is accessible to ground-based, optical spectroscopy. They will form two dimensional velocity maps of this gas and compare them to broadband imaging of each galaxy. These data will be augmented with a complementary study of Ca II and Na I absorption spectroscopy of a sample of galaxies with fortuitously aligned, background-illuminating quasars. This complementary investigation will be performed using Keck telescope observations, for which partial time has already been awarded. Together, these investigations will provide a census of the incidence, morphology, and mass of gas inflows. They will also address whether large-scale outflows can be linked to intrinsic galaxy properties and orientation and whether supernova ejecta can plausibly drive the momentum of such outflows. Undergraduates will be recruited from San Diego State University, a federally designated Hispanic Serving Institution. Undergraduate research projects will include generating a publishable catalog of Keck spectroscopy, and analysis of MaNGA derived gas flow morphology and kinematics.