RR: Collaborative: Origins of Intergroup Perceptions and Attitudes Across Diverse Contexts

在生命的头五年里，儿童变得善于将他人归类为社会类别，这对儿童的感知和与他人的互动产生了广泛的影响。然而，关于儿童如何处理社会类别的大部分知识都是基于对有限人群进行的研究（仅包括来自某些种族/民族，地理和社会经济背景的儿童）。通过利用来自不同背景的儿童在美国不同地区接触多样性的自然变化，目前的项目将更好地了解来自美国各地的幼儿如何对社会类别进行概念化和推理。第二个目标是测试过去的结果对儿童的社会类别理解的鲁棒性，并有助于最近呼吁的透明度，可重复性和概括性在science.The项目涉及五个网站（夏威夷，西南，西北，东南和东北），每个网站包括4- 5岁的儿童从多种人口背景。重点是早期社会类别知识的四个核心组成部分：儿童的态度;亲社会行为;面部识别;和不同社会类别的成员的地位的看法。孩子们将完成一个标准化的协议和任务电池，评估这些组件中的每一个在美国的所有五个地理位置的研究将检查结果是否是可重复的地理区域，在不同的人口统计。它还将调查每个孩子的个别任务如何相互关联（例如，对不同群体儿童的地位和行为的看法之间的关系）。这种方法也将允许测试的鲁棒性，过去的结果，儿童的知识的社会类别，并将有助于最近呼吁的透明度，可重复性和概括性的科学。这一目标将通过以下方式实现：（1）公布所有研究材料，以便在其他地方实施确切的方法;（2）公布所有最终数据，以便其他人可以重新分析数据;以及（3）根据最近关于研究透明度的建议预先登记拟议的分析。通过更好地了解群体间观念和态度的起源，预计更广泛的影响将支持有针对性的干预措施，促进不同群体之间的积极关系。

Within the first five years of life, children become adept at categorizing others into social categories, which has wide-ranging implications for children's perceptions and interactions with others. Yet much of what is known about how children process social categories is based on studies conducted with limited populations (in terms of only including children from certain race/ethnic, geographical, and socioeconomic backgrounds). By harnessing natural variation in exposure to diversity in different regions of the U.S. among children from different backgrounds, the current project will lead to a better understanding of how young children from throughout the United States conceptualize and reason about social categories. A second goal is to test the robustness of past results regarding children's social category understanding and to contribute to recent calls for transparency, reproducibility, and generalizability in science.The project involves five sites (Hawaii, the Southwest, the Northwest, the Southeast, and the Northeast), with each site including 4- to 5-year-old children from multiple demographic backgrounds. The focus is on four core components of early social category knowledge: children's attitudes towards; prosocial behavior with; facial recognition of; and perceptions of status of members of different social categories. Children will complete a standardized protocol and task battery that assesses each of these components across all five geographic locations in the U.S. The research will examine whether results are reproducible across geographic regions that differ in their demographics. It will also investigate how individual tasks relate to each other within each child (e.g., the relationship between perceptions of status and behavior towards children from different groups). This approach will also allow tests of the robustness of past results regarding children's knowledge of social categories and will contribute to recent calls for transparency, reproducibility, and generalizability in science. This goal will be implemented by: (1) posting all study materials so that the exact methods can be implemented elsewhere; (2) posting all final data so that others can re-analyze the data; and (3) pre-registering the proposed analyses in line with recent recommendations for transparency in research. By achieving a better understanding of the origins of intergroup perceptions and attitudes, broader impacts are expected to support focused interventions that promote positive relations between different groups of people.