Chemical, Physical and Biological processes linking snow and sea ice to the Arctic Ocean mixed layer: Improving models through the MOSAiC platform

海冰是极地海洋的主要组成部分。它是积累和运输溶解和颗粒物质的重要平台，通过大气沉积、与下层海洋的流体交换、沉积物包裹体和生物活动保留在海冰覆盖中。这种材料，包括营养物质，在北冰洋生态系统中起着关键作用。然而，海冰过程对营养物质循环和重要生物地球化学过程的季节循环的影响知之甚少，特别是与北冰洋海冰变化有关的影响。该项目将量化和跟踪全年海冰上、海冰内和海冰下关键生物地球化学和物理参数的清单和通量的变化。数据收集和数值模拟将改进对北冰洋未来状况及其在地球系统中的作用的关键过程和预测的建模。计划中的北极气候研究多学科漂流观测站(MOSAIC)项目提供了一个机会，以解决围绕北极海洋物理和生物地球化学环境正在发生的快速变化的紧迫科学问题，这些变化与夏季海冰的重大损失有关。这项研究有助于实现研究界制定的更广泛的马赛克目标，重点是通过改进关键物理和生物地球化学过程的海冰/海洋和地球系统模型参数，改善对北极的了解和预测。在MOSAIC的北极中部漂流冰营地收集年度周期内的生物地球化学和物理数据，将根据建模需要提供信息，并采用社区认可的标准和最佳做法来获取、处理和分析样品。实地测量和采样将与马赛克小组密切协调，通过广泛、快速的数据共享，为实地研究和建模工作提供信息。延长的观察期对于改进冰雪海洋循环的模式参数、宏观和微量营养素的循环及其对北极生态系统的影响至关重要。该项目将收集标准化冰数据，这些数据可与其他参与者的数据直接比较，并以模型模拟和预测为指导并加以改进。这项实地工作将极大地加强我们对海冰季节循环的理解，包括物理和生物地球化学季节演变。将向广大国际社会提供标准化的实地数据。该项目将利用以前开发的采样方案、方案、定制设备和生物地球化学模型，作为美国对国际社会为马赛克探险提供的巨额投资的战略贡献。教育影响包括对研究生和博士后研究人员的培训和支持。这些人将参加这次探险，并在标准化海冰采集和多学科合作方面获得经验。对更多受众的科学交流将通过以下方式实现：每年参加在圣保罗普里比洛夫岛举行的为期5天的“白令海洋日”活动；一个详细的博客，介绍实地经验和科学；以及一本自我出版的书，描述我们针对K-6受众的实地经验。

Sea ice is a major component of the polar oceans. It serves as an important platform for the accumulation and transport of dissolved and particulate material, retained in the sea ice cover via atmospheric deposition, fluid exchange with the underlying ocean, sediment inclusions, and biological activity. This material, including nutrients, serves key functions in the Arctic Ocean ecosystem. However, the influence of sea ice processes on nutrient cycling and the seasonal cycle of important biogeochemical processes is poorly understood, especially as related to changes in Arctic sea ice. This project will quantify and track changes in the inventory and fluxes of key biogeochemical and physical parameters above, within and below the sea ice through a full year. Data collection and numerical simulations will improve modeling of key processes and projections of future states of the Arctic Ocean and its role in the Earth system. The planed Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) project provides an opportunity to address pressing scientific questions revolving around the rapid transformations underway in Arctic marine physical and biogeochemical environments, linked to major losses in summer sea ice. This study contributes to the broader MOSAiC goals set by the research community, focusing on improved understanding and prediction of the Arctic through improved sea ice/ocean and earth system model parameterizations of key physical and biogeochemical processes. Collection of biogeochemical and physical data over an annual cycle at MOSAiC's central Arctic drifting ice camp will be informed by modeling needs, and apply community-endorsed standards and best practices for sample acquisition, processing and analysis. Field measurements and sampling will be closely coordinated with the MOSAiC team, with broad, rapid data sharing to inform field studies and modeling work. The extended observation period is essential to improve model parameterizations of snow-ice-ocean cycling of macro- and micronutrients and their impacts on Arctic ecosystems. This project will collect standardized ice data that are directly comparable with those of other participants and that are guided by and improve model simulations and projections. This field effort will greatly enhance our understanding of sea ice seasonal cycles, including physical and biogeochemical seasonal evolution. Standardized field data will be made available to a broad international community. This project will leverage previously developed sampling schemes, protocols, custom-made equipment and a biogeochemical model as a strategic US contribution to the vast investment put forth by the international community towards the MOSAiC expedition. Educational impacts include the training and support of a graduate student and a postdoctoral researcher. These individuals will participate in the expedition and gain experience in standardized sea ice collection and multidisciplinary collaboration. Science communication to larger audience will be accomplished through annual participation in "Bering Sea Days", a 5-day event on the Pribilof Island of St. Paul, a detailed blog featuring field experiences and science, and a self-published book that depicts our field experiences targeting K-6 audiences.