Chemical, Physical and Biological processes linking snow and sea ice to the Arctic Ocean mixed layer: Improving models through the MOSAiC platform

海冰是极地海洋的主要组成部分。它是通过大气沉积、与下卧海洋的流体交换、沉积物包裹体和生物活性保留在海冰中的溶解物质和颗粒物质的积累和运输的重要平台。这种物质，包括营养物质，在北冰洋生态系统中起着关键作用。然而，海冰过程对养分循环和重要生物地球化学过程的季节循环的影响，特别是与北极海冰变化有关的影响，了解甚少。该项目将在一整年的时间里量化和跟踪海冰上方、内部和下方关键生物地球化学和物理参数的存量和通量的变化。数据收集和数值模拟将改进对关键过程的建模和对北冰洋未来状态及其在地球系统中的作用的预测。计划中的北极气候研究多学科漂流观测站（MOSAiC）项目提供了一个机会，解决围绕北极海洋物理和生物地球化学环境正在发生的快速变化的紧迫科学问题，这些变化与夏季海冰的重大损失有关。这项研究有助于研究界设定的更广泛的MOSAiC目标，重点是通过改进海冰/海洋和地球系统模型对关键物理和生物地球化学过程的参数化来提高对北极的理解和预测。MOSAiC北极中心漂流冰营每年收集一次生物地球化学和物理数据，将根据建模需求提供信息，并应用社区认可的标准和最佳实践进行样本采集、处理和分析。现场测量和采样将与MOSAiC团队密切协调，广泛、快速地共享数据，为现场研究和建模工作提供信息。延长观测周期对于改善冰-冰-海宏观和微量元素循环及其对北极生态系统影响的模式参数化至关重要。该项目将收集标准化的冰数据，这些数据可直接与其他参与者的数据进行比较，并以模式模拟和预测为指导，并加以改进。这一实地工作将大大提高我们对海冰季节循环的理解，包括物理和生物地球化学的季节演变。标准化的实地数据将提供给广泛的国际社会。该项目将利用先前开发的采样方案、协议、定制设备和生物地球化学模型，作为美国对国际社会对MOSAiC探险的巨大投资的战略贡献。教育影响包括培训和支持一名研究生和一名博士后研究员。这些人将参加这次考察，并获得标准化海冰收集和多学科合作的经验。科学传播将通过每年参加“白令海日”来实现，“白令海日”是一个在圣保罗普里比洛夫岛举行的为期五天的活动，一个详细介绍实地经验和科学的博客，以及一本针对K-6观众的描述我们实地经验的自行出版的书籍。

Sea ice is a major component of the polar oceans. It serves as an important platform for the accumulation and transport of dissolved and particulate material, retained in the sea ice cover via atmospheric deposition, fluid exchange with the underlying ocean, sediment inclusions, and biological activity. This material, including nutrients, serves key functions in the Arctic Ocean ecosystem. However, the influence of sea ice processes on nutrient cycling and the seasonal cycle of important biogeochemical processes is poorly understood, especially as related to changes in Arctic sea ice. This project will quantify and track changes in the inventory and fluxes of key biogeochemical and physical parameters above, within and below the sea ice through a full year. Data collection and numerical simulations will improve modeling of key processes and projections of future states of the Arctic Ocean and its role in the Earth system. The planed Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) project provides an opportunity to address pressing scientific questions revolving around the rapid transformations underway in Arctic marine physical and biogeochemical environments, linked to major losses in summer sea ice. This study contributes to the broader MOSAiC goals set by the research community, focusing on improved understanding and prediction of the Arctic through improved sea ice/ocean and earth system model parameterizations of key physical and biogeochemical processes. Collection of biogeochemical and physical data over an annual cycle at MOSAiC's central Arctic drifting ice camp will be informed by modeling needs, and apply community-endorsed standards and best practices for sample acquisition, processing and analysis. Field measurements and sampling will be closely coordinated with the MOSAiC team, with broad, rapid data sharing to inform field studies and modeling work. The extended observation period is essential to improve model parameterizations of snow-ice-ocean cycling of macro- and micronutrients and their impacts on Arctic ecosystems. This project will collect standardized ice data that are directly comparable with those of other participants and that are guided by and improve model simulations and projections. This field effort will greatly enhance our understanding of sea ice seasonal cycles, including physical and biogeochemical seasonal evolution. Standardized field data will be made available to a broad international community. This project will leverage previously developed sampling schemes, protocols, custom-made equipment and a biogeochemical model as a strategic US contribution to the vast investment put forth by the international community towards the MOSAiC expedition. Educational impacts include the training and support of a graduate student and a postdoctoral researcher. These individuals will participate in the expedition and gain experience in standardized sea ice collection and multidisciplinary collaboration. Science communication to larger audience will be accomplished through annual participation in "Bering Sea Days", a 5-day event on the Pribilof Island of St. Paul, a detailed blog featuring field experiences and science, and a self-published book that depicts our field experiences targeting K-6 audiences.